Impact of effective stress on permeability for carbonate fractured-vuggy rocks

To gain insight into the flow mechanisms and stress sensitivity for fractured-vuggy reservoirs,several core models with different structural characteristics were designed and fabricated to investigate the impact of effective stress on permeability for carbonate fractured-vuggy rocks(CFVR).It shows that the permeability performance curves under different pore and confining pressures(i.e.altered stress conditions)for the fractured core models and the vuggy core models have similar change patterns.The ranges of permeability variation are significantly wider at high pore pressures,indicating that permeability reduction is the most significant during the early stage of development for fractured-vuggy reservoirs.Since each obtained effective stress coefficient for permeability(ESCP)varies with the changes in confining pressure and pore pressure,the effective stresses for permeability of four representative CFVR show obvious nonlinear characteristics,and the variation ranges of ESCP are all between 0 and 1.Meanwhile,a comprehensive ESCP mathematical model considering triple media,including matrix pores,fractures,and dissolved vugs,was proposed.It is proved theoretically that the ESCP of CFVR generally varies between 0 and 1.Additionally,the regression results showed that the power model ranked highest among the four empirical models mainly applied in stress sensitivity characterization,followed by the logarithmic model,exponential model,and binomial model.The concept of“permeability decline rate”was introduced to better evaluate the stress sensitivity performance for CFVR,in which the one-fracture rock is the strongest,followed by the fracture-vug rock and two-horizontalfracture rock;the through-hole rock is the weakest.In general,this study provides a theoretical basis to guide the design of development and adjustment programs for carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs.

Sulfur-resistant methanation over MoO_3/CeO_2–ZrO_2 catalyst: Influence of Ce-addition methods

In this paper, Ce_(0.2)Zr_(0.8)O_2 composite supports were prepared by different Ce-addition methods including impregnation of cerium(CeZr-imp), impregnation of citric acid and cerium(CeZr-CA) simultaneously and deposition precipitation method(CeZr-DP), respectively. The as-prepared supports were applied to prepare 10 wt% MoO_3/Ce_(0.2)Zr_(0.8)O_2 catalysts for sulfur-resistant methanation. The N_2 adsorption/desorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD), Raman spectroscopy(RS), X-ray photoelectron(XPS), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen(H_2-TPR) were undertaken to get textural properties, morphological information and structures of the catalysts. The results showed that Mo O_3 was highly dispersed on the surface of these three supports and Ce was mostly of coexisted in Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+) redox pairs. Compared with Mo/CeZrimp, the CO conversion increased by 10% and 15% for Mo/CeZr-CA and Mo/CeZr-DP, respectively. This was mainly attributed to the larger specific surface area, Ce^(3+) concentration and content of active MoS_2 on the surface of catalysts.

Novel Method for Preparing a Carbon Nanotube-Supported Cobalt Catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis:Hydrogen Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma

Hydrogen dielectric-barrier discharge (H2-DBD) plasma was successfully used to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-supported cobalt (Co) catalyst. The H2-DBD plasma treatment simultaneously decomposed and reduced the cobalt precursor at a lower temperature and in a shorter time than the conventional method (calcination and hydrogen reduction). It is considered that the H2-DBD plasma method can remarkably decrease the amount of energy input compared to traditional methods used to prepare the Co-based catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). Results showed that the Co catalyst prepared by H2-DBD plasma had an equivalent catalytic performance for FTS as that prepared using the conventional method in calcination and hydrogen reduction, thereby determining that H2-DBD plasma was an effective alternative treatment for preparing the Co/CNTs catalyst for FTS. This technology will provide a new strategy for preparing catalysts in other catalysis processes.

Cobalt catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis： The effect of support,precipitant and pH value

In this report,Co-based catalysts supported on ZnO,Al_2O_3 and ZrO_2 as well as the ZrO_2 derived from different precipitants and different pH values were prepared by co-precipitation method.Their catalytic Fischer–Tropsch synthesis(FTS)performance was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor.The results revealed that Co catalyst supported on ZrO_2 exhibited better FTS catalytic performance than that supported on ZnO or Al_2O_3.For the Co/ZrO_2catalyst,different precipitants showed the following an activity order of NaOH>Na_2CO_3>NH_4OH,and the best pH value is 13.The catalysts were characterized by N_2adsorption–desorption,XRF,XRD,H_2-TPR,H_2-TPD and TEM.It was found that the main factor affecting the CO conversion of the catalyst was the amounts of low-temperature active adsorption sites.Moreover,the selectivity of C_5^+hydrocarbons had a positive relationship with the peak temperature of the weak hydrogen adsorption sites.The higher the peak temperature,the higher the C_5^+selectivity is.

基于改进应变能法的无环索弦支穹顶拉索重要性评价

基于上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值和上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差提出一种改进应变能法,用于评价无环索弦支穹顶不同部位的拉索重要性。改进应变能法采用上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值作为主要评价指标,其目的是表征断索后上部网壳的最不利状态且避免断索导致的下部预应力索杆体系应变能损失对以结构总应变能为指标的评价结论的干扰。改进应变能法采用上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差作为辅助评价指标的目的是考虑上部网壳不同部位应变能变化的分布情况。以含有三层无环索预应力索杆体系的直径100 m的无环索弦支穹顶为例。首先,建立结构有限元分析模型,通过施加预应力和外荷载得到无环索弦支穹顶的荷载态。然后,基于荷载态采用杆件瞬时移除技术完成断索模拟,采用中心差分积分模式的修正拉格朗日列式增量解法求解断后无环索弦支穹顶的杆件内力时程和节点位移时程。同时,基于杆件内力时程和节点位移时程,求得上部网壳每根杆件的应变能时程。最后,在此基础上,求得上部网壳总应变能时程和上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差。如果某部位断索后发生了结构连续倒塌,则该位置拉索的重要性排在首位或并列排在首位;如果未发生结构连续倒塌,则根据不同部位断索后的上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值和上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差为指标评价不同部位拉索的重要性。比较上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值,当断索后上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值越大,则该部位的拉索重要性越高;当上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值较为接近时,应补充比较上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差:上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差越大,拉索重要性越高。结果显示:无环索弦支穹顶的所有拉索预应力乘以相同倍数后以及所有拉索的截面面积乘以相同倍数后,采用以结构总应变能作为评价指标的拉索重要性评价结论会随预应力倍数和截面面积倍数的变化发生明显变化。这种现象的主要原因是下部预应力索杆体系应变能下降而上部单层网壳应变能上升,导致结构总应变能变化规律复杂。基于改进应变能法,采用上部网壳总应变能变化量峰值和上部网壳杆件应变能变化率标准差作为评价指标,则拉索重要性评价结论不随预应力倍数、截面面积倍数和上部网壳形式的变化而变化,避免了下部预应力索杆体系应变能下降带来的干扰,且可以有效区分不同部位的拉索重要性。研究表明:基于结构总应变能指标的拉索重要性评价方法不适用于无环索弦支穹顶,提出的改进应变能法可以有效评价无环索弦支穹顶不同部位拉索的重要性。基于改进应变能法分析发现:最外层预应力索杆体系中索力较大,断索的不对称变形导致不同部位拉索的重要性略有区别,拉索的中间段的重要性略小于其余各段;其余各层的索力远小于最外层,不同部位拉索的重要性没有明显区别。不同层预应力索杆体系之间,最外层的拉索重要性最高,向内依次降低。分析中还发现,断索部位附近的网壳杆件应变能变化较为明显,而距离断索部位较远的网壳杆件受到的影响很小;断索仅对无环索弦支穹顶的局部有影响,对结构主体的影响不大。

Porous Si/C composite as anode materials for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion battery

A novel porous silicon was synthesized through a magnesiothermic reduction method of molecular sieve for the first time, Si/C composite was synthesized by using pitch as carbon source. The porous Si/C composite shows a high initial specific capacity of 2018.5 mAh/g with current density of 0.1 A/g. When the current density increases to 2 A/g, it still exhibits high average specific capacity of 640.3 mAh/g. The porous structure can remit the Si particle pulverization during the lithiation]delithiation process. This article can provide a reference for the research of the porous Si anode for the high performance rechargeable lithium-ion battery.