Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many potential applications [1,2] and unique challenges. They usually consist of hundreds or thousands of small sensor nodes such as MICA2, which operate autonomously;conditions su...Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many potential applications [1,2] and unique challenges. They usually consist of hundreds or thousands of small sensor nodes such as MICA2, which operate autonomously;conditions such as cost, invisible deployment and many application domains, lead to small size and resource limited sensors [3]. WSNs are susceptible to many types of link layer attacks [1] and most of traditional network security techniques are unusable on WSNs [3];This is due to wireless and shared nature of communication channel, untrusted transmissions, deployment in open environments, unattended nature and limited resources [1]. Therefore security is a vital requirement for these networks;but we have to design a proper security mechanism that attends to WSN’s constraints and requirements. In this paper, we focus on security of WSNs, divide it (the WSNs security) into four categories and will consider them, include: an overview of WSNs, security in WSNs, the threat model on WSNs, a wide variety of WSNs’ link layer attacks and a comparison of them. This work enables us to identify the purpose and capabilities of the attackers;furthermore, the goal and effects of the link layer attacks on WSNs are introduced. Also, this paper discusses known approaches of security detection and defensive mechanisms against the link layer attacks;this would enable IT security managers to manage the link layer attacks of WSNs more effectively.展开更多
Information and communications technology has exponentially grown in recent years and has played a significant role in organizational development.The main purpose of this study was to collect the data needed for the i...Information and communications technology has exponentially grown in recent years and has played a significant role in organizational development.The main purpose of this study was to collect the data needed for the introduction of a new tool for assessing e-readiness in the Agricultural Organization of Guilan Province,Iran.The study population includes agricultural organization experts and researchers who were familiar with the concepts of IT and the organization status.Based on the relevant literature review,the e-readiness indicators which had theoretically been proposed and practically used by researchers over the past 10 years were identified.Then some parameters were introduced for examination and prioritization.These indicators represented the spatial and temporal factors as well as the characteristics of the condition of the Agricultural Organization of Guilan Province.The proposed structural model included seven factors(Infrastructural,Human,Educational,Government,Management,Socio-cultural and Legal)and 44 indicators.After that,based on the experts’points of view,the coefficient of significance for each of the selected factors and indicators was measured using Minkowski fuzzy screening method.The results obtained from structured questionnaires show that all of the seven main factors and 40 indicators out of 44 indicators were appropriate for assessing electronic readiness and the final model of assessing e-readiness.Furthermore,the results indicated that the most important factor in assessing e-readiness is the human factor and then stand other factors such as educational,infrastructural,management,government,legal and socio-cultural.展开更多
文摘Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many potential applications [1,2] and unique challenges. They usually consist of hundreds or thousands of small sensor nodes such as MICA2, which operate autonomously;conditions such as cost, invisible deployment and many application domains, lead to small size and resource limited sensors [3]. WSNs are susceptible to many types of link layer attacks [1] and most of traditional network security techniques are unusable on WSNs [3];This is due to wireless and shared nature of communication channel, untrusted transmissions, deployment in open environments, unattended nature and limited resources [1]. Therefore security is a vital requirement for these networks;but we have to design a proper security mechanism that attends to WSN’s constraints and requirements. In this paper, we focus on security of WSNs, divide it (the WSNs security) into four categories and will consider them, include: an overview of WSNs, security in WSNs, the threat model on WSNs, a wide variety of WSNs’ link layer attacks and a comparison of them. This work enables us to identify the purpose and capabilities of the attackers;furthermore, the goal and effects of the link layer attacks on WSNs are introduced. Also, this paper discusses known approaches of security detection and defensive mechanisms against the link layer attacks;this would enable IT security managers to manage the link layer attacks of WSNs more effectively.
文摘Information and communications technology has exponentially grown in recent years and has played a significant role in organizational development.The main purpose of this study was to collect the data needed for the introduction of a new tool for assessing e-readiness in the Agricultural Organization of Guilan Province,Iran.The study population includes agricultural organization experts and researchers who were familiar with the concepts of IT and the organization status.Based on the relevant literature review,the e-readiness indicators which had theoretically been proposed and practically used by researchers over the past 10 years were identified.Then some parameters were introduced for examination and prioritization.These indicators represented the spatial and temporal factors as well as the characteristics of the condition of the Agricultural Organization of Guilan Province.The proposed structural model included seven factors(Infrastructural,Human,Educational,Government,Management,Socio-cultural and Legal)and 44 indicators.After that,based on the experts’points of view,the coefficient of significance for each of the selected factors and indicators was measured using Minkowski fuzzy screening method.The results obtained from structured questionnaires show that all of the seven main factors and 40 indicators out of 44 indicators were appropriate for assessing electronic readiness and the final model of assessing e-readiness.Furthermore,the results indicated that the most important factor in assessing e-readiness is the human factor and then stand other factors such as educational,infrastructural,management,government,legal and socio-cultural.
