Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is endogenously produced in adipocytes and fat tissues and stimulates adipogenesis. The integrated pathogenic effects of H2S on the development of obesity and the underlying mechanisms, however,...Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is endogenously produced in adipocytes and fat tissues and stimulates adipogenesis. The integrated pathogenic effects of H2S on the development of obesity and the underlying mechanisms, however, have been unclear. Here, we find that a decreased endogenous H2S level lowered lipid accumulation in mouse adipocytes. Exogenous H2S treatment significantly increased the adipogenesis of primary mouse preadipocytes after six days of adipogenic induction. In the early phase of adipogenesis, H2S increased cell proliferation and prepared cells to go through hyperplasia. After H2S treatment for ten days, preadipocytes exhibited significantly greater cell surface area and diameter, indicating cell hypertrophy. Although it stimulated lipid accumulation and adipogenesis, H2S had no effect on lipolysis. With nutrition overload and high glucose/insulin incubation, H2S further stimulated glucose consumption and deteriorated adipocyte hypertrophy. H2S upregulated hyperplasia genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ), cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25), minichromosome maintenance 3 (Mcm3), and cell division cycle 45 (Cdc45)) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 protein (Cdk2), which regulates cell proliferation. H2S also upregulated the insulin receptor β (Irβ)-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) pathways, leading to adipogenesis. In conclusion, H2S increases adipocyte differentiation, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia, implying that it plays a pathogenic role in obesity disorder.展开更多
Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practit...Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practitioners are now adopting the novel mechanism of security tactics.With the intent to conduct a research from the perspective of security tactics,the present study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(AHP-TOPSIS)method for selecting and assessing multi-criteria decisions.The adopted methodology is a blend of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(fuzzy AHP)and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(fuzzy TOPSIS).To establish the efficacy of this methodology,the results are obtained after the evaluation have been tested on fifteen different web application projects(Online Quiz competition,Entrance Test,and others)of the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow,India.The tabulated outcomes demonstrate that the methodology of the Multi-Level Fuzzy Hybrid system is highly effective in providing accurate estimation for strengthening the security of web applications.The proposed study will help experts and developers in developing and managing security from any web application design phase for better accuracy and higher security.展开更多
文摘Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is endogenously produced in adipocytes and fat tissues and stimulates adipogenesis. The integrated pathogenic effects of H2S on the development of obesity and the underlying mechanisms, however, have been unclear. Here, we find that a decreased endogenous H2S level lowered lipid accumulation in mouse adipocytes. Exogenous H2S treatment significantly increased the adipogenesis of primary mouse preadipocytes after six days of adipogenic induction. In the early phase of adipogenesis, H2S increased cell proliferation and prepared cells to go through hyperplasia. After H2S treatment for ten days, preadipocytes exhibited significantly greater cell surface area and diameter, indicating cell hypertrophy. Although it stimulated lipid accumulation and adipogenesis, H2S had no effect on lipolysis. With nutrition overload and high glucose/insulin incubation, H2S further stimulated glucose consumption and deteriorated adipocyte hypertrophy. H2S upregulated hyperplasia genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ), cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25), minichromosome maintenance 3 (Mcm3), and cell division cycle 45 (Cdc45)) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 protein (Cdk2), which regulates cell proliferation. H2S also upregulated the insulin receptor β (Irβ)-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) pathways, leading to adipogenesis. In conclusion, H2S increases adipocyte differentiation, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia, implying that it plays a pathogenic role in obesity disorder.
文摘Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practitioners are now adopting the novel mechanism of security tactics.With the intent to conduct a research from the perspective of security tactics,the present study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(AHP-TOPSIS)method for selecting and assessing multi-criteria decisions.The adopted methodology is a blend of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(fuzzy AHP)and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(fuzzy TOPSIS).To establish the efficacy of this methodology,the results are obtained after the evaluation have been tested on fifteen different web application projects(Online Quiz competition,Entrance Test,and others)of the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow,India.The tabulated outcomes demonstrate that the methodology of the Multi-Level Fuzzy Hybrid system is highly effective in providing accurate estimation for strengthening the security of web applications.The proposed study will help experts and developers in developing and managing security from any web application design phase for better accuracy and higher security.
