Software-Defined Networking(SDN)is a new network technology that uses programming to complement the data plane with a control plane.To enable safe connection,however,numerous security challenges must be addressed.Floo...Software-Defined Networking(SDN)is a new network technology that uses programming to complement the data plane with a control plane.To enable safe connection,however,numerous security challenges must be addressed.Flooding attacks have been one of the most prominent risks on the internet for decades,and they are now becoming challenging difficulties in SDN networks.To solve these challenges,we proposed a unique firewall application built on multiple levels of packet filtering to provide a flooding attack prevention system and a layer-based packet detection system.This study offers a systematic strategy for wrapping up the examination of SDN operations.The Mininet simulator examines the effectiveness of SDN-based firewalls at various network tiers.The fundamental network characteristics that specify how SDN should operate.The three main analytical measures of the network are jitter,response time,and throughput.During regular operations,their behavior evaluates in the standard SDN conditions of Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)flooding and User Datagram Protocol(UDP)flooding with no SDN occurrences.Low Orbit Ion Cannon(LOIC)is applied to launch attacks on the transmission by the allocated server.Wireshark and MATLAB are used for the behavioral study to determine how sensitive the parameters are used in the SDN network and monitor the fluctuations of those parameters for different simulated scenarios.展开更多
Objective: To determine the asymptomatic dengue infection in adults of Pakistani population.Methods: This study was conducted in five major cities(Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore,Multan, and Peshawar) of Pakistan.A total o...Objective: To determine the asymptomatic dengue infection in adults of Pakistani population.Methods: This study was conducted in five major cities(Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore,Multan, and Peshawar) of Pakistan.A total of 5 230 adults aged 18 years and above without a history of dengue fever at any point in their life were enrolled from participating laboratories.Those who were confirmed for dengue previously were excluded.Of the total, 62.6%(n = 3 276) were male with an average age of 34.6 years.Participants were briefed about the objectives of the study, and written consent was obtained to perform dengue Ig G test using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The brief information related to age, gender and area was also taken on proforma.Results: Overall 32.3%(n = 1 691) was having asymptomatic dengue infection which was 67.5%(n = 756) in Karachi followed by 39.1%(n = 391) in Islamabad, 29.9%(n =316) in Lahore and 21%(n = 228) in Peshawar and none from Multan.More males were affected with asymptomatic dengue infection than females.The asymptomatic dengue infection was significantly higher in different cities; however, there was no significant difference with respect to age groups.Conclusions: The asymptomatic dengue infection is higher in cities i.e.Karachi,Islamabad and Lahore which are at risk of developing secondary dengue infections.There is a need of awareness among the public about secondary dengue infection.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Research Committee of Hamdard University Karachi Pakistan(www.hamdard.edu.pk)the Office of Research Innovation&Commercialization(ORIC)of Dawood University of Engineering&Technology Karachi Pakistan(www.duet.edu.pk).
文摘Software-Defined Networking(SDN)is a new network technology that uses programming to complement the data plane with a control plane.To enable safe connection,however,numerous security challenges must be addressed.Flooding attacks have been one of the most prominent risks on the internet for decades,and they are now becoming challenging difficulties in SDN networks.To solve these challenges,we proposed a unique firewall application built on multiple levels of packet filtering to provide a flooding attack prevention system and a layer-based packet detection system.This study offers a systematic strategy for wrapping up the examination of SDN operations.The Mininet simulator examines the effectiveness of SDN-based firewalls at various network tiers.The fundamental network characteristics that specify how SDN should operate.The three main analytical measures of the network are jitter,response time,and throughput.During regular operations,their behavior evaluates in the standard SDN conditions of Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)flooding and User Datagram Protocol(UDP)flooding with no SDN occurrences.Low Orbit Ion Cannon(LOIC)is applied to launch attacks on the transmission by the allocated server.Wireshark and MATLAB are used for the behavioral study to determine how sensitive the parameters are used in the SDN network and monitor the fluctuations of those parameters for different simulated scenarios.
文摘Objective: To determine the asymptomatic dengue infection in adults of Pakistani population.Methods: This study was conducted in five major cities(Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore,Multan, and Peshawar) of Pakistan.A total of 5 230 adults aged 18 years and above without a history of dengue fever at any point in their life were enrolled from participating laboratories.Those who were confirmed for dengue previously were excluded.Of the total, 62.6%(n = 3 276) were male with an average age of 34.6 years.Participants were briefed about the objectives of the study, and written consent was obtained to perform dengue Ig G test using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The brief information related to age, gender and area was also taken on proforma.Results: Overall 32.3%(n = 1 691) was having asymptomatic dengue infection which was 67.5%(n = 756) in Karachi followed by 39.1%(n = 391) in Islamabad, 29.9%(n =316) in Lahore and 21%(n = 228) in Peshawar and none from Multan.More males were affected with asymptomatic dengue infection than females.The asymptomatic dengue infection was significantly higher in different cities; however, there was no significant difference with respect to age groups.Conclusions: The asymptomatic dengue infection is higher in cities i.e.Karachi,Islamabad and Lahore which are at risk of developing secondary dengue infections.There is a need of awareness among the public about secondary dengue infection.
