The human gut is colonized by a community of microbiota,primarily bacteria,that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host.Intestinal microbiota-host interactions play a critical role in the regulation of human p...The human gut is colonized by a community of microbiota,primarily bacteria,that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host.Intestinal microbiota-host interactions play a critical role in the regulation of human physiology.Deleterious changes to the composition of gut microbiota,referred to as gut dysbiosis,has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diseases,including cardiovascular disease(CVD).Imbalances in host-microbial interaction impair homeostatic mechanisms that regulate health and can activate multiple pathways leading to CVD risk factor progression.Most CVD risk factors,including aging,obesity,dietary patterns,and a sedentary lifestyle,have been shown to induce gut dysbiosis.Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier,which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites,including trimethylamine-N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids,that may facilitate the development of CVD.This article reviews the normal function and composition of the gut microbiome,mechanisms leading to the leaky gut syndrome,its mechanistic link to CVD and potential novel therapeutic approaches aimed towards restoring gut microbiome and CVD prevention.As CVD is the leading cause of deaths globally,investigating the gut microbiota as a locus of intervention presents a novel and clinically relevant avenue for future research.展开更多
Syncope forms a major part of medical in-flight emergencies contributing one-infour in-flight medical events accounting to 70%of flight diversions.In such patients,it is important to elucidate the pathophysiology of s...Syncope forms a major part of medical in-flight emergencies contributing one-infour in-flight medical events accounting to 70%of flight diversions.In such patients,it is important to elucidate the pathophysiology of syncope prior to diversion.Postural hypotension is the most common etiology of in-flight syncopal events.However,individuals without any underlying autonomic dysfunction can still experience syncope from hypoxia also known as airline syncope.Initial steps in managing such patients include positioning followed by the airway,breathing and circulation of resuscitation.These interventions need to be in close coordination with ground control to determine decision for flight diversion.Interventions which have been tried for prevention include mental challenge and increased salt and fluid intake.The current paper enhances the understanding of airline syncope by summarizing the associated pathophysiologic mechanisms and the management medical personnel can initiate with limited resources.展开更多
文摘The human gut is colonized by a community of microbiota,primarily bacteria,that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host.Intestinal microbiota-host interactions play a critical role in the regulation of human physiology.Deleterious changes to the composition of gut microbiota,referred to as gut dysbiosis,has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diseases,including cardiovascular disease(CVD).Imbalances in host-microbial interaction impair homeostatic mechanisms that regulate health and can activate multiple pathways leading to CVD risk factor progression.Most CVD risk factors,including aging,obesity,dietary patterns,and a sedentary lifestyle,have been shown to induce gut dysbiosis.Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier,which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites,including trimethylamine-N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids,that may facilitate the development of CVD.This article reviews the normal function and composition of the gut microbiome,mechanisms leading to the leaky gut syndrome,its mechanistic link to CVD and potential novel therapeutic approaches aimed towards restoring gut microbiome and CVD prevention.As CVD is the leading cause of deaths globally,investigating the gut microbiota as a locus of intervention presents a novel and clinically relevant avenue for future research.
文摘Syncope forms a major part of medical in-flight emergencies contributing one-infour in-flight medical events accounting to 70%of flight diversions.In such patients,it is important to elucidate the pathophysiology of syncope prior to diversion.Postural hypotension is the most common etiology of in-flight syncopal events.However,individuals without any underlying autonomic dysfunction can still experience syncope from hypoxia also known as airline syncope.Initial steps in managing such patients include positioning followed by the airway,breathing and circulation of resuscitation.These interventions need to be in close coordination with ground control to determine decision for flight diversion.Interventions which have been tried for prevention include mental challenge and increased salt and fluid intake.The current paper enhances the understanding of airline syncope by summarizing the associated pathophysiologic mechanisms and the management medical personnel can initiate with limited resources.
