Nanotechnology and pancreatic cancer management:State of the art and further perspectives

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)represents a leading cause of cancer death and is often diagnosticated too late to allow adequate treatments.Lots of biomarkers have been discovered in lasts years but,to date,there is a lack of lowcost and non-invasive tools for PDAC early detection.Nonetheless,drugs commonly used in PDAC treatment do not allow achieving long-term satisfying results.Nanotechnology is gaining importance in both PDAC early detection and treatment.The main implications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis lay in the ability that nanoparticles have on concentrate the alteration in human proteome caused by cancer.Nanoparticle-enabled blood tests have been demonstrated to reach high rate of sensitivity(up to 85%)and specificity(up to 100%).In the field of cancer therapy nanoparticles can be used as nanocarriers able to reach specific tumour’s cells and selectively release the drug they contain into them.A literature review was carried out with the aim to assess the state of the art and highlight the future perspectives of nanotechnology in PDAC early detection and therapy.

Validations of new cut-offs for surgical drains management and use of computerized tomography scan after pancreatoduodenectomy:The DALCUT trial

BACKGROUND Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF)is the most fearful complication after pancreatic surgery and can lead to severe postoperative complications such as surgical site infections,sepsis and bleeding.A previous study which identified cut-offs of drains amylase levels(DALs)determined on postoperative day(POD)1 and POD3,was able to significantly predict POPF,abdominal collections and biliary fistulas,when related to specific findings detected at the abdominal computerized tomography(CT)scan routinely performed on POD3.AIM To validate the cut-offs of DALs in POD1 and POD3,established during the previous study,to assess the risk of clinically relevant POPF and confirm the usefulness of abdominal CT scan on POD3 in patients at increased risk of abdominal collection.METHODS The DALCUT trial is an interventional prospective study.All patients who will undergo pancreatoduodenectomy(PD)for periampullary neoplasms will be considered eligible.All patients will receive clinical staging and,if eligible for surgery,will undergo routine preoperative evaluation.After the PD,daily DALs will be evaluated from POD1.Drains removal and possible requirement of abdominal CT scans in POD3 will be managed on the basis of the outcome of DALs in the first three postoperative days.RESULTS This prospective study could validate the role of DALs in the management of surgical drains and in assessing the risk or relevant complications after PD.Drains could be removed in POD3 in case of POD1 DALs<666 U/L and POD3 DALs<207 U/L.In case of POD3 DALs≥252,abdominal CT scan will be performed in POD3 to identify abdominal collections≥5 cm.In this latter category of patients,drains could be maintained beyond POD3.CONCLUSION The results of this trial will contribute to a better knowledge of POPF and management of surgical drains.