External coloration in animals depends on the interaction of several different factors including the genetics and epigenetics processes that underlie the color expression,the mechanisms of color perception,and the gen...External coloration in animals depends on the interaction of several different factors including the genetics and epigenetics processes that underlie the color expression,the mechanisms of color perception,and the general mechanisms controlling color evolution and function.Among all,camouflages from predators and conspicuousness are of particular interest because pose animal to choose between opposite adjustment in coloration.The external coloration of crustaceans is mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids in the exoskeleton and the epidermal layer,and the trade-off between camouflage and communication had led to a variety of responses,involving signal partitioning,spectral sensibility,changing coloration,or signaling behavior.Here,we used digital images to explore intrapopulation variability of the external coloration of Pacifastacus leniusculus among body regions within an individual and between sexes.We found that 1)ventral coloration of claws are more saturated and brilliant than upper parts,2)males express a more saturated and brightness coloration than females,especially on the lower portion of claws,3)color intensity and brightness increases with size differently in different body regions,and 4)brightness is more variable in males than in females.All the above patterns support the hypothesis that color in this species could be the result of a compromise between camouflage from predators and conspicuousness for communication.The results of this study suggest that carotenoid might have something to do with intraspecific communication and perform more complex functions than that of a simple pigment.展开更多
Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel concept...Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel concept whereby the interplay of range shifts and dispersal barriers of a particular spatial configuration can threaten the persistence of populations under a climate change scenario.We named this concept“C-trap,”based on the topographic shape of such barriers.After elaborating on the theoretical features of C-traps,we provide a simple method that combines environmental data and future climate projections to locate them spatially.We use this method to determine where high C-trap densities have the potential to further threaten the conservation of endangered,endemic animals across the world’s terrestrial realm,in a climate change scenario.Our methodology detected potential C-traps for the study system,with areas of high density mostly located in east Europe,south Asia and North America.However,finer-scale analyses are required to assess the magnitude of the threat locally.Dispersal barriers add an additional dimension to range shift studies and can ultimately prevent otherwise successful climate migrants from tracking their climatic niche.The methodology presented here is simple and flexible enough to be adapted to a wide range of taxa and locations as well as the fast development of range shift modeling.Therefore,we encourage researchers to include the effects of anthropogenic dispersal barriers in range shifts models and in the planning of effective conservation strategies with reference to climate change.展开更多
文摘External coloration in animals depends on the interaction of several different factors including the genetics and epigenetics processes that underlie the color expression,the mechanisms of color perception,and the general mechanisms controlling color evolution and function.Among all,camouflages from predators and conspicuousness are of particular interest because pose animal to choose between opposite adjustment in coloration.The external coloration of crustaceans is mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids in the exoskeleton and the epidermal layer,and the trade-off between camouflage and communication had led to a variety of responses,involving signal partitioning,spectral sensibility,changing coloration,or signaling behavior.Here,we used digital images to explore intrapopulation variability of the external coloration of Pacifastacus leniusculus among body regions within an individual and between sexes.We found that 1)ventral coloration of claws are more saturated and brilliant than upper parts,2)males express a more saturated and brightness coloration than females,especially on the lower portion of claws,3)color intensity and brightness increases with size differently in different body regions,and 4)brightness is more variable in males than in females.All the above patterns support the hypothesis that color in this species could be the result of a compromise between camouflage from predators and conspicuousness for communication.The results of this study suggest that carotenoid might have something to do with intraspecific communication and perform more complex functions than that of a simple pigment.
文摘Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel concept whereby the interplay of range shifts and dispersal barriers of a particular spatial configuration can threaten the persistence of populations under a climate change scenario.We named this concept“C-trap,”based on the topographic shape of such barriers.After elaborating on the theoretical features of C-traps,we provide a simple method that combines environmental data and future climate projections to locate them spatially.We use this method to determine where high C-trap densities have the potential to further threaten the conservation of endangered,endemic animals across the world’s terrestrial realm,in a climate change scenario.Our methodology detected potential C-traps for the study system,with areas of high density mostly located in east Europe,south Asia and North America.However,finer-scale analyses are required to assess the magnitude of the threat locally.Dispersal barriers add an additional dimension to range shift studies and can ultimately prevent otherwise successful climate migrants from tracking their climatic niche.The methodology presented here is simple and flexible enough to be adapted to a wide range of taxa and locations as well as the fast development of range shift modeling.Therefore,we encourage researchers to include the effects of anthropogenic dispersal barriers in range shifts models and in the planning of effective conservation strategies with reference to climate change.
