The Experimental Data Validation of Modern Newtonian Gravitation over General Relativity Gravitation

The paper Connecting Newton’s G With the Rest of Physics-Modern Newtonian Gravitation Resolving the Problem of “Big G’s” Value derived the value of the gravitation constant “Big G”, G of Newton’s Law of Gravitation, directly from other physics fundamental constants but left it to a subsequent paper to experimentally validate the derived G. The present paper performs that validation by examining various past experiments intended to measure “Big G”, in each case determining the acceleration, ag, as found per Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity versus per Modern Newtonian Gravitation for that case. The ratio of those two times the reported measured “Big G” value yields a result identical to the G determined from the derived formulation for G, within the error range of the reported measured “Big G” measurement. That thus validates the correctness of the derived formulation for G. The next important issue, what causes gravitation, how does the effect take place, is addressed and resolved in the paper The Mechanics of Gravitation-What It Is;How It Operates, which is available in this journal.

The Mechanics of Gravitation—What It Is;How It Operates

From a start of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a comprehensive development of the mechanics, the operation of gravitation. Experience shows that everything has a cause and that those causes are themselves the results of precedent causes, and ad infinitum. Defining and comprehending the causality or mechanism operating to produce any observed behavior is essential to understanding or explaining the behavior. The behavior of gravitation is well known, described by Newton’s Law of Gravitation. But what gravitational mass is, how gravitational behavior comes about, what in material reality produces the effects of gravitation, is little understood. The extant hypotheses include Einstein’s General Relativity’s bending of space, efforts to develop “quantum gravitation”, and attempts to detect “gravitons”. None of those addresses the cause, the mechanism of gravitation. As demonstrated in the present and its prior papers, gravitation is an outward flow from gravitating masses. That means that by manipulating that flow gravitation can be controlled. The procedure for obtaining such control and the design for several various applications are presented in the paper Gravitational and Anti-gravitational Applications which is available in this journal.

Gravitational and Anti-Gravitational Applications

Because gravitation operates by a flow from the attracting object acting on the attracted object as shown in the prior papers Connecting Newton’s G With the Rest of Physics-Modern Newtonian Gravitation Resolving the Problem of “Big G’s” Value and The Mechanics of Gravitation-What It Is;How It Operates, it is now possible to partially deflect gravitation away from an object so that the gravitational attraction on the object is reduced. That effect makes it possible to extract energy from the gravitational field, which makes the generation of gravito-electric power technologically feasible. Such plants would be similar to hydro-electric plants and would have their advantages of not needing fuel and not polluting the environment. Physically, the action of deflecting away gravitational attraction, which of course is directed toward the gravitation source, produces an equal but opposite reaction on the mechanism that produces the deflection of the gravitational action [the deflector], a reaction directed away from the gravitation source. The result is the combination of reducing the gravitational attractive acceleration of the object toward the gravitation source plus the introducing of a reactive acceleration on the object in the direction away from the gravitation source. Such a deflector, engineered to enable controlled adjustment of the amount and the direction of its action, could provide for a spacecraft both launch levitation and deep space travel acceleration. It could provide both levitation and horizontal motion for a flying vehicle over a planet surface. This technology, which uses readily abundantly available materials and techniques, is ready now for research and engineering refinement.

Connecting Newton’s G with the Rest of Physics—Modern Newtonian Gravitation Resolving the Problem of “Big G’s” Value

As a simplified, idealized understanding of a physical system the General Relativity model has been highly successful in its gravitational role. However, it fails to address the problem of sufficiently precise measurement of “Big G”, the Newtonian Gravitation Constant, and has failed to obtain connection of “Big G” to the rest of physics. Because “Big G” arises naturally from Newton’s treatment of gravitation, this paper elaborates the Modern Newtonian Model of Gravitation and through it resolves the problems of “Big G” at which General Relativity has failed. Specifically: The causes of the problems in measuring “Big G” are resolved, “Big G” is connected to the rest of physics, and a sufficiently precise value of “Big G” is obtained by calculation from other fundamental physical constants. The companion paper The Experimental Data Validation of Modern Newtonian Gravitation over General Relativity Gravitation, which is available in this journal, publishes the results of this paper’s “Part V—Testing the Hypothesis and the Derivation”.

On Five Independent Phenomena Sharing a Common Cause

Over the past century a succession of four different independent unexplained astronomical phenomena have been discovered. They appear to be the result of a common underlying cause that also produces an unaccounted—for acceleration that is quite small, centrally directed in the system exhibiting each phenomenon, non-gravitational, distance independent, and of a common magnitude. The present paper analyzes the unexplained phenomena and proposes the underlying common cause, a common solution to the problem that they present. The four in the order of their discovery are as follows. 1) In 1933, the indication by galactic rotation curves that there is such an acceleration in galaxies but with no observable cause [hence the postulating of “Dark Matter”]. Here the acceleration is directed toward the galactic center, the dominant factor in the mechanics of galaxy rotation. 2) In 1998, the Pioneer Anomaly in which the acceleration is directed toward the Sun, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the Pioneer spacecrafts’ motion. 3) In 2008, the Flybys Anomaly for which the acceleration is directed toward the center of the Earth, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the flyby motion. 4) Also in 2008, confirmed in 2010, the Dark Flow anomaly for which the acceleration is directed toward the central origin of the overall universe, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the overall universe. In addition the common cause also modifies the earliest: 5) In the 1920’s the LeMaitre-Hubble redshifts of the light from various distant astral bodies.

Gravito-Electric Power Generation

It is now possible to deflect gravitational action away from an object so that the object is partially levitated. That effect makes it possible to extract energy from the gravitational field, which makes the generation of gravito-electric power technologically feasible. Such plants would be similar to hydro-electric plants and would have their advantages of not needing fuel and not polluting the environment. However, gravito-electric plants could be much smaller than hydro-electric plants;their location would not be restricted to suitable water elevations, and the plants and their produced energy would be much less expensive. Gravito-electric power can be placed into operation now. It can replace all existing nuclear and fossil fuel plants, and would essentially solve the problem of global warming to the extent it is caused by fossil fuel use. The physics development is comprehensively presented. That is followed by the engineering design.