Spasticity can be caused by central nervous system dysfunction,such as cerebral palsy and stroke.The accepted pathogenesis of spasticity is that the muscles are in the state of uninhibited stretch reflex without enoug...Spasticity can be caused by central nervous system dysfunction,such as cerebral palsy and stroke.The accepted pathogenesis of spasticity is that the muscles are in the state of uninhibited stretch reflex without enough control of central nervous system.So far,there is no ideal way about how to repair central nervous system.However,the uninhibited stretch reflex can be reduced,targeting the posterior root of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves innervating the limbs,which are called selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR)and selective peripheral neurotomy(SPN),respectively.SPN is indicated for focal or multifocal spasticity,which is well accepted due to its low invasiveness and ease of use.How does the operation work?What do we do before and during this operation?Is there any risk to the patients?Our review summarizes the mechanism,indications,preoperative assessments,techniques,and complications of SPN.We hope that the spastic patients,such as pediatric cerebral palsy patients and older stroke patients,will benefit from this surgery.展开更多
Pediatric brain tumors are a type of tumors that are commonly present in children and young adults.With the improvement of treatment,the quality of life,especially the cognitive functioning,is gaining increasingly mor...Pediatric brain tumors are a type of tumors that are commonly present in children and young adults.With the improvement of treatment,the quality of life,especially the cognitive functioning,is gaining increasingly more attention.Apart from cognitive evaluations,neuroimaging studies begin to play an important part in neurocognitive functioning investigation.In this way,the brain tissue changes caused by tumor variables(including tumor location and tumor size)and treatment variables(including surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy)can be detected by neuroimaging.Recent advancement of neuroimaging techniques,such as functionalMRI(f MRI)and diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),made great contributions to understanding cognitive dysfunction and quantifying the effects of tumor variables and treatment variables.In recent years,laminar-f MRI provided a potentially valuable tool for examining the exact origins of neural activity and cognitive function.On the other hand,molecular f MRI might guide diagnosis and treatment of brain disease in the future by using new biomarkers,and DTI can detect white matter changes and obtain some anatomically specific information.展开更多
文摘Spasticity can be caused by central nervous system dysfunction,such as cerebral palsy and stroke.The accepted pathogenesis of spasticity is that the muscles are in the state of uninhibited stretch reflex without enough control of central nervous system.So far,there is no ideal way about how to repair central nervous system.However,the uninhibited stretch reflex can be reduced,targeting the posterior root of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves innervating the limbs,which are called selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR)and selective peripheral neurotomy(SPN),respectively.SPN is indicated for focal or multifocal spasticity,which is well accepted due to its low invasiveness and ease of use.How does the operation work?What do we do before and during this operation?Is there any risk to the patients?Our review summarizes the mechanism,indications,preoperative assessments,techniques,and complications of SPN.We hope that the spastic patients,such as pediatric cerebral palsy patients and older stroke patients,will benefit from this surgery.
文摘Pediatric brain tumors are a type of tumors that are commonly present in children and young adults.With the improvement of treatment,the quality of life,especially the cognitive functioning,is gaining increasingly more attention.Apart from cognitive evaluations,neuroimaging studies begin to play an important part in neurocognitive functioning investigation.In this way,the brain tissue changes caused by tumor variables(including tumor location and tumor size)and treatment variables(including surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy)can be detected by neuroimaging.Recent advancement of neuroimaging techniques,such as functionalMRI(f MRI)and diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),made great contributions to understanding cognitive dysfunction and quantifying the effects of tumor variables and treatment variables.In recent years,laminar-f MRI provided a potentially valuable tool for examining the exact origins of neural activity and cognitive function.On the other hand,molecular f MRI might guide diagnosis and treatment of brain disease in the future by using new biomarkers,and DTI can detect white matter changes and obtain some anatomically specific information.
