[Objectives] The antibacterial mechanism of protein hydrolysate from Ruditapes philippinarum( named RPPH) was studied in this article. [Methods]The integrity of bacteria's wall and membrane was determined by some t...[Objectives] The antibacterial mechanism of protein hydrolysate from Ruditapes philippinarum( named RPPH) was studied in this article. [Methods]The integrity of bacteria's wall and membrane was determined by some traditional ways. [Results]The growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by RPPH in the logarithmic phase. The activity of alkaline phosphatase could be detected in the culture solution. The results showed that the protein content and the conductivity of two kinds of bacteria increased with the extension of incubation time. The results of scanning electron microscope revealed that it emerged the phenomenon of agglomeration with the extension of response time in the culture solution of S. aureus,and the cell shape became irregular,a large number of cells stuck together,afterwards intracellular material was released from bacteria,and the boundaries among cells completely disappeared. The cell surface of B. subtilis became rough,the cells began to adhere,intercellular boundaries became blurred,subsequently cells broke,and then intracellular material leaked out after treating for 9 h. The form of B. subtilis could be roughly identified from the remnants of the bacterial debris,and most of the bacteria had been completely cracked and died. Transmission electron microscope results showed that the surface of S. aureus became rough,with uneven distribution of cytoplasm,and darker substances appeared in the middle,followed by leakage of large numbers of intracellular material. Massive cells became dead when treating for 9 h. B. subtilis cells began to shrink,and cytoplasm was distributed unevenly. The significant phenomenon of plasmolysis and rupture of cell wall could be observed. Afterwards,intracellular material spilled out,only the residual and ambiguity nucleoplasm area could be seen,and cells were killed. [Conclusions] Therefore,it was speculated that the RPPH could destroy cell wall and membrane of the two kinds of bacteria,change the permeability of cells membrane,result in the leakage of intracellular substances and enter within the bacterial cells to affect their normal physiological metabolism which led to death.展开更多
Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC...Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment. We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014. Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.163 USD). We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup(hospital type, age at diagnosis, sex, education, occupation, insurance type, household income, clinical stage, pathologic type, and therapeutic regimen). We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results: A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included, 57.1 % of whom were men; 13.9% of patients had stage I cancer; and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY, and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY, 59,952 CNY, 67,292 CNY, and 82,729 CNY, respectively. Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3%of the overall expenditure. The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY, which accounted for 59.9% of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0% of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden. Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups(P < 0.05), except for sex. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spend more,whereas those with a lower household income and those who underwent surgery spent less(all P < 0.05).Conclusions: For patients in China, direct expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC seemed catastrophic,and non-medical expenditure was non-ignorable. The financial burden varied among subgroups, especially among patients with different clinical stages of disease, which suggests that, in China, CRC screening might be cost-effective.展开更多
Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the dia...Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.155 USD) based on the2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China.Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27% was observed from 2002(25,111 CNY) to 2011(46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ,39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ,40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases(P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy(P < 0.05).Drugs contributed to 45.02% of the overall expenditure.Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.展开更多
The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and a...The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and associated cryptoexplosive breccia. The spatial distribution of tourmaline enrichment is similar to that of the gold orebody. Feldspar has been largely replaced by tourmaline in the rhyolite porphyry and cryptoexplosive breccia.Electron microprobe analysis revealed that tourmalines in the Longtoushan deposit belong mainly to the alkali group and partly to the X-vacant group; they mostly fell in the schorl-dravite series field. Two distinct sets of dominant substitutions were observed: MgFe_(-1) and Al□(NaR2+)-1,where R = Fe, Mg. In addition, minor substitutions include(CaMg)(NaAl)_(-1) and FeAl_(-1). The calculated d11 B value for the mineralizing fluids ranged from-12.8 to-9.7%,which is typical of S-type granites, and boron-enriched fluids predominantly derived from rhyolitic melt. Part of the tourmaline from the rhyolite porphyry crystallized during the magmatic-hydrothermal stage, whereas most tourmalines from the deposit formed in the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage. The tourmalines were deposited from a relatively reduced and acidic fluid system, and the gold predominantly precipitated during the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage in the Longtoushan deposit.展开更多
The awareness detection in patients with disorders of consciousness currently relies on behavioral observations and CRS-R tests,however,the misdiagnosis rates have been relatively high.In this study,we applied brain-c...The awareness detection in patients with disorders of consciousness currently relies on behavioral observations and CRS-R tests,however,the misdiagnosis rates have been relatively high.In this study,we applied brain-computer interface(BCI)to awareness detection with a passive auditory stimulation paradigm.12 subjects with normal hearing were invited to collect electroencephalogram(EEG)based on a BCI communication system,in which EEG signals are transmitted wirelessly.After necessary preprocessing,RBF-SVM and EEGNet were used for algorithm realization and analysis.For a single subject,RBF-SVM can distinguish his(her)name stimuli awareness with classification accuracies ranging from 60-95%.EEGNet was used to learn all subjects'data and improved accuracy to 78.04%for characteristics finding and model generalization.Moreover,we completed the supplementary analysis work from the time domain and time-frequency domain.This study applied BCI communication to human awareness detection,proposed a passive auditory paradigm,and proved the effectiveness,which could be an inspiration for brain,mental or physical diseases diagnosis and detection.展开更多
Taphonomy and paleoecology(biological behavior)of the Early Cretaceous fish fossils are poorly described.This study reports for the first time a detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study on Lycoptera in the Meso...Taphonomy and paleoecology(biological behavior)of the Early Cretaceous fish fossils are poorly described.This study reports for the first time a detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study on Lycoptera in the Mesozoic strata of western Liaoning Province,NE China.The XRD analysis shows that gismondine is the dominant clay minerals that could have contributed to the preservation of Lycoptera fossils and microbial mat fragments in the fossil-bearing horizon.Gismondine may have formed under volcanism-related hydrothermal regime that was transformed from crystal and lithic fragments.Theμ-XRF imaging analysis shows a dominant chemical composition of Al,Si,P,S,Rh,K,Ca,Ti,C,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,among which P,Ca,C and S are enriched in the fish skeleton in comparison to the matrix.This suggests a dominant apatite composition for the fish skeleton.Hydrothermal influence did not smear off these organic signals probably because of protection of gismondine.The coexistance of C and S with Ni is assumed to represent recovered primary productivity following volcanic explosions and toxic gas emissions.The head of juvenile fish stays close to the body of adult fish.Pending further discoveries,such phenomenon is interpreted to suggest that adult fish actively protected juvenile fish in the presence of environmental pressures such as anoxia and deterioration of water quality induced by volcanism.Ocean acidification and hypoxia in association with volcanism created a harmful environment causing mass extinction of fish.The adult Lycoptera protected their juveniles by its body at the moment before death.Such biological behavior will be increasingly reported given the wide occurrence of Lycoptera in Mesozoic strata.展开更多
The development of effective and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic electrolytes is a significant challenge.In this work,homogeneous Pt nanodendrites(Pt NDs)with a PtIr shell wer...The development of effective and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic electrolytes is a significant challenge.In this work,homogeneous Pt nanodendrites(Pt NDs)with a PtIr shell were successfully synthesized by a two-step wet chemical method.This open three-dimensional(3D)dendritic structure exhibited exceptional electrocatalytic characteristics,exposing as many active sites as feasible.Furthermore,by alloying Ir with Pt on the surface,catalytic activity was greatly enhanced while ensuring extremely high stability.Iridium surface-enriched platinum nanodendritic catalysts(Pt@PtIr NDs)outperformed the control samples and the commercial catalysts.In acidic HER test,Pt@PtIr NDs had a lower overpotential(22 mV)than Pt NDs(26 mV)and commercial Pt/C(31 mV)at 10 mA/cm^(2),and the activity of Pt@PtIr NDs remained consistent even after undergoing a continuous durability test for at least 168 h,which was much superior to the performance of commercial Pt/C(10 h)under identical test conditions.This study revealed that the application of 3D Pt dendritic metal alloys may offer a chance for the development of enhanced electrocatalysts in acidic HER.展开更多
MOF-based core-shell structures with high surface area, abundant active sites, and broad absorption bands are viable alternatives to traditional single-component photocatalysts. In this report, we describe the design ...MOF-based core-shell structures with high surface area, abundant active sites, and broad absorption bands are viable alternatives to traditional single-component photocatalysts. In this report, we describe the design and construction of delicate Ag nanowires@NH_(2)-UiO-66 with a core-shell structure for use as photocatalysts in imine synthesis under light. The optimized composites exhibited 80% imine production, which was higher than both MOF and Ag NWs. The significant improvement in photocatalytic activity under light may be attributed to the plasmonic effect of silver nanowires and their core-shell structure, which promotes the separation of electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of the core-shell nanostructure may provide valuable insight into the design and construction of MOF-based composite photocatalysts for oxidative coupling of amines.展开更多
Large-scale metal contamination across the food web is an intractable problem due to increasing pollutant emissions,atmospheric transport,and dry and wet deposition of elements.The present study focus on several trace...Large-scale metal contamination across the food web is an intractable problem due to increasing pollutant emissions,atmospheric transport,and dry and wet deposition of elements.The present study focus on several trace metals that are rarely studied but have special toxicity,including tin(Sn),antimony(Sb),gold(Au),hafnium(Hf),palladium(Pd),platinum(Pt),ruthenium(Ru),tellurium(Te)and iridium(Ir).We investigated trace metals residues and distribution characteristics,and further evaluated the potential health risks from major daily food intakes in 33 cities in China.Sn,Sb,Ir,Hf,and Au were frequently detected in food samples with the concentrations ranged from ND(not detected)to 24.78μg/kg ww(wet weight).Eggs exhibited the highest residual level of all detected metals(13.70±14.70μg/kg ww in sum),while the lowest concentrations were observed in vegetables(0.53±0.17μg/kg ww in sum).Sn accounting for more than 50%of the total trace metals concentration in both terrestrial and aquatic animal origin foods.In terrestrial plant origin foods,Sn and Ir were the most abundant elements.Hf and Au were the most abundant elements in egg samples.In addition,Sb and Ir showed a clear trophic dilution effect in terrestrial environments,while in aquatic ecosystems,Sn,Hf,and Au exhibited obvious trophic amplification effects.The calculated average estimated daily intake(EDI)via food consumption in five regions of China was 0.09μg/(kg·day),implying the health risk of aforementioned elements was acceptable.展开更多
Two calcite LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of 534±26 Ma(MSWD=5.9)and 456±43 Ma(MSWD=3.8)were obtained from the Nanfen Formation,Xihe Group in the southern Liaoning Prov-ince,northeastern China,which significantly postd...Two calcite LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of 534±26 Ma(MSWD=5.9)and 456±43 Ma(MSWD=3.8)were obtained from the Nanfen Formation,Xihe Group in the southern Liaoning Prov-ince,northeastern China,which significantly postdate the theoretical depositional age of sampling hori-zon.This means they represent timing of post-depositional hydrothermal event possibly induced by syn-chronous far-field magmatism in the South Qinling.Occurrence of common Pb enriched muddy compo-nents coupled with input of"mantle"-like common Pb could account for the relatively low U contents and high common Pb contents in the dated muddy carbonates.We recommend that micro-domains of carbonates are prescreened by rapid in situ carbonate U-Pb geochronology to demonstrate whether they are of primary or secondary origin before utilizing them for chemostratigraphic study.展开更多
As efficient catalysts of electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)towards multicarbon(C_(2+))products,Cu-based catalysts have faced the challenges of increasing the reactive activity and selectivity.Herein,w...As efficient catalysts of electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)towards multicarbon(C_(2+))products,Cu-based catalysts have faced the challenges of increasing the reactive activity and selectivity.Herein,we decorated the surface of Cu nanowires(Cu NWs)with a small amount of Au nanoparticles(Au NPs)by the homo-nucleation method.When the Au to Cu mass ratio is as little as 0.7 to 99.3,the gold-doped copper nanowires(Cu-Au NWs)could effectively improve the selectivity and activity of CO_(2)RR to C_(2+)resultants,with the Faradaic efficiency(FE)from 39.7%(Cu NWs)to 65.3%,the partial current density from 7.0(Cu NWs)to 12.1 mA/cm^(2) under−1.25 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE).The enhanced electrocatalytic performance could be attributed to the following three synergetic factors.The addition of Au nanoparticles caused a rougher surface of the catalyst,which allowed for more active sites exposed.Besides,Au sites generated*CO intermediates spilling over into Cu sites with the calculated efficiency of 87.2%,which are necessary for multicarbon production.Meanwhile,the interphase electron transferred from Cu to Au induced the electron-deficient Cu,which favored the adsorption of*CO to further generate multicarbon productions.Our results uncovered the morphology,tandem,electronic effect between Cu NWs and Au NPs facilitated the activity and selectivity of CO_(2)RR to multicarbons.展开更多
The development of microenvironment-responsive nanoprobes has shown great promise for use in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),with the advantage of significantly improved specificity and good biocompatibility.However,t...The development of microenvironment-responsive nanoprobes has shown great promise for use in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),with the advantage of significantly improved specificity and good biocompatibility.However,the clinical application of responsive probes is hampered by a lack of biological sensitivity for early molecular diagnostics and visualizing microenvionment of metabolism reprogramming in tumor progression.Here,we report on a dual-ratiometric magnetic resonance tunable(DMRT)nanoprobe designed by crosslinking different ratios of transferrin chelating gadolinium and superparamagnetic nanoparticles,complexed to a pH responsive biocompatible polymer.This dually activatable nanoprobe enables pH-dependent tumor microenvironment visualization,providing exceptional quantitative pathophysiological information in vitro and in vivo.When used in combination with dual-contrast enhancement triple subtraction imaging technique(DETSI),this smart nanoprobe guarantees the diagnosis of early-stage diseases.We envisage that this novel integrated nanoplatform will provide a new paradigm for the clinical translation of robust DMRT nanoprobes for early disease detection and staging,as well as microenvironment visualization and disease progression monitoring.展开更多
Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to higher-value products provides a forward-looking way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.However,the low solubility of CO_(2)in a...Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to higher-value products provides a forward-looking way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.However,the low solubility of CO_(2)in aqueous electrolytes,sluggish kinetics,and low selectivity hamper the efficient conversion of CO_(2).Here,we report a Au-based hybrid nanomaterial by modifying Au nanoparticles(NPs)with the macrocyclic molecule cucurbit[6]uril(Au@CB[6]).Au@CB[6]displays the optimal selectivity of CO,with the highest CO Faraday efficiency(FECO)reaching 99.50%at−0.6 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE).The partial current density of CO formed by Au@CB[6]increases dramatically,as 3.18 mA/cm2 at−0.6 V,which is more than ten times as that of oleylamine-coated Au NPs(Au@OAm,0.31 mA/cm2).Operando electrochemical measurement combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveals that CB[6]can gather CO_(2)and lead the increased local CO_(2)concentration near metal interface,which realizes significantly enhanced electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)performance.展开更多
Utilizing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) to design photocatalysts for CO_(2) reduction catalysts is an excellent idea but currently restricted by the relatively low activity. Enhancing CO_(2) affinity and tuning the o...Utilizing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) to design photocatalysts for CO_(2) reduction catalysts is an excellent idea but currently restricted by the relatively low activity. Enhancing CO_(2) affinity and tuning the oxidation state of metal clusters in MOFs might be a solution to improve the catalytic performance.Herein, the Cl-bridge atoms in the metal clusters of a cobalt MOF were easily exchanged with OH-,which simultaneously oxidized a portion of Co(Ⅱ) to Co(Ⅲ) and resulted in a much enhanced photocatalytic activity for CO_(2) reduction. In contrast, the original framework does not exhibit such superior activity. Comprehensive characterizations on their physicochemical properties revealed that the introduction of hydroxyl group not only greatly increases the CO_(2) affinity but also alters the oxidation state of metal clusters, resulting in significantly improved photocatalytic activities for CO_(2) reduction. This work provides important insight into the design of efficient photocatalysts.展开更多
Developing efficient and stable electrocatalyst to hydrogen evolution reaction adaptable for electrolytes with different p H is a big challenge.In this work,a hierarchically structured ternary nanohybrid composed of f...Developing efficient and stable electrocatalyst to hydrogen evolution reaction adaptable for electrolytes with different p H is a big challenge.In this work,a hierarchically structured ternary nanohybrid composed of flower-like Ru nanoparticles,rigid macrocyclic cucurbit[6]uril(CB[6])and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was successfully prepared by chemical wet method.Benefited by the structural merits of flower-like Ru nanoparticles exposed abundant active sites supported by the MWCNTs holding superior mass transport and electrons transfer ability as well as the existence of CB[6],the obtained catalyst exhibited outstanding HER activities with overpotentials of 27,37 and 70 m V at-10 m A/cm^(2) in alkaline,acidic,and neutral electrolytes,respectively.Under the same electrocatalytic operation conditions,the HER performance is comparable or superior to commercial Pt/C catalyst(47,27and 49 m V).Besides,chronopotentiometric and accelerated stability test also revealed its extraordinary stability,which could be further employed for electrocatalytic procedure in a broad pH range.展开更多
The CO_(2)photoconversion is sensitive to the local reaction environment,of which activity and selectivity can be regulated by the change of reaction systems.This paper focuses on investigating the photocatalytic CO_(...The CO_(2)photoconversion is sensitive to the local reaction environment,of which activity and selectivity can be regulated by the change of reaction systems.This paper focuses on investigating the photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction behaviors of MOFs with the involvement of water under different reaction modes,including gas-solid and liquid-solid systems.The CO_(2)photoreduction in a liquid-solid system shows high performance in generating HCOOH with the selectivity of 100%.In contrast,the gas-solid system referring to the synergistic interaction of MOFs and H_(2)O vapor benefits to the formation of gas-phase products,such as CO and CH_(4).The possible mechanisms of photocatalytic CO_(2)reaction in two modes were investigated by in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,which indicates that the distinction in reaction consequence may result from the difference in CO_(2)chemisorbed modes and the proton provision.The choice of reaction system plays an important role in the achievement of high efficiency and selectivity for photocatalytic CO,reduction,whichis of great practical value in real-world applications.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Fund of China(31301587)
文摘[Objectives] The antibacterial mechanism of protein hydrolysate from Ruditapes philippinarum( named RPPH) was studied in this article. [Methods]The integrity of bacteria's wall and membrane was determined by some traditional ways. [Results]The growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by RPPH in the logarithmic phase. The activity of alkaline phosphatase could be detected in the culture solution. The results showed that the protein content and the conductivity of two kinds of bacteria increased with the extension of incubation time. The results of scanning electron microscope revealed that it emerged the phenomenon of agglomeration with the extension of response time in the culture solution of S. aureus,and the cell shape became irregular,a large number of cells stuck together,afterwards intracellular material was released from bacteria,and the boundaries among cells completely disappeared. The cell surface of B. subtilis became rough,the cells began to adhere,intercellular boundaries became blurred,subsequently cells broke,and then intracellular material leaked out after treating for 9 h. The form of B. subtilis could be roughly identified from the remnants of the bacterial debris,and most of the bacteria had been completely cracked and died. Transmission electron microscope results showed that the surface of S. aureus became rough,with uneven distribution of cytoplasm,and darker substances appeared in the middle,followed by leakage of large numbers of intracellular material. Massive cells became dead when treating for 9 h. B. subtilis cells began to shrink,and cytoplasm was distributed unevenly. The significant phenomenon of plasmolysis and rupture of cell wall could be observed. Afterwards,intracellular material spilled out,only the residual and ambiguity nucleoplasm area could be seen,and cells were killed. [Conclusions] Therefore,it was speculated that the RPPH could destroy cell wall and membrane of the two kinds of bacteria,change the permeability of cells membrane,result in the leakage of intracellular substances and enter within the bacterial cells to affect their normal physiological metabolism which led to death.
基金supported by the grants from the Beijing Hope Run Special Fund(#LC2012YF44)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81402740)+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20131106120014)The National Health and Family Planning Committee of P.R.China
文摘Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment. We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014. Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.163 USD). We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup(hospital type, age at diagnosis, sex, education, occupation, insurance type, household income, clinical stage, pathologic type, and therapeutic regimen). We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results: A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included, 57.1 % of whom were men; 13.9% of patients had stage I cancer; and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY, and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY, 59,952 CNY, 67,292 CNY, and 82,729 CNY, respectively. Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3%of the overall expenditure. The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY, which accounted for 59.9% of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0% of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden. Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups(P < 0.05), except for sex. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spend more,whereas those with a lower household income and those who underwent surgery spent less(all P < 0.05).Conclusions: For patients in China, direct expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC seemed catastrophic,and non-medical expenditure was non-ignorable. The financial burden varied among subgroups, especially among patients with different clinical stages of disease, which suggests that, in China, CRC screening might be cost-effective.
基金supported by the National Health and Family Plan Commission of P. R. China
文摘Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.155 USD) based on the2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China.Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27% was observed from 2002(25,111 CNY) to 2011(46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ,39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ,40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases(P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy(P < 0.05).Drugs contributed to 45.02% of the overall expenditure.Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.
基金supported by the Project of Innovation-driven Plan in Central South University (Project No. 2015CX008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Project No. 2015zzts071)
文摘The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and associated cryptoexplosive breccia. The spatial distribution of tourmaline enrichment is similar to that of the gold orebody. Feldspar has been largely replaced by tourmaline in the rhyolite porphyry and cryptoexplosive breccia.Electron microprobe analysis revealed that tourmalines in the Longtoushan deposit belong mainly to the alkali group and partly to the X-vacant group; they mostly fell in the schorl-dravite series field. Two distinct sets of dominant substitutions were observed: MgFe_(-1) and Al□(NaR2+)-1,where R = Fe, Mg. In addition, minor substitutions include(CaMg)(NaAl)_(-1) and FeAl_(-1). The calculated d11 B value for the mineralizing fluids ranged from-12.8 to-9.7%,which is typical of S-type granites, and boron-enriched fluids predominantly derived from rhyolitic melt. Part of the tourmaline from the rhyolite porphyry crystallized during the magmatic-hydrothermal stage, whereas most tourmalines from the deposit formed in the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage. The tourmalines were deposited from a relatively reduced and acidic fluid system, and the gold predominantly precipitated during the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage in the Longtoushan deposit.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(STCSM)Research Fund(21JC1405300)to Fan Minthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0831102)sponsored by the Shanghai Key Research Laboratory of NSAI。
文摘The awareness detection in patients with disorders of consciousness currently relies on behavioral observations and CRS-R tests,however,the misdiagnosis rates have been relatively high.In this study,we applied brain-computer interface(BCI)to awareness detection with a passive auditory stimulation paradigm.12 subjects with normal hearing were invited to collect electroencephalogram(EEG)based on a BCI communication system,in which EEG signals are transmitted wirelessly.After necessary preprocessing,RBF-SVM and EEGNet were used for algorithm realization and analysis.For a single subject,RBF-SVM can distinguish his(her)name stimuli awareness with classification accuracies ranging from 60-95%.EEGNet was used to learn all subjects'data and improved accuracy to 78.04%for characteristics finding and model generalization.Moreover,we completed the supplementary analysis work from the time domain and time-frequency domain.This study applied BCI communication to human awareness detection,proposed a passive auditory paradigm,and proved the effectiveness,which could be an inspiration for brain,mental or physical diseases diagnosis and detection.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.223115)to Zhongwu Lan.
文摘Taphonomy and paleoecology(biological behavior)of the Early Cretaceous fish fossils are poorly described.This study reports for the first time a detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study on Lycoptera in the Mesozoic strata of western Liaoning Province,NE China.The XRD analysis shows that gismondine is the dominant clay minerals that could have contributed to the preservation of Lycoptera fossils and microbial mat fragments in the fossil-bearing horizon.Gismondine may have formed under volcanism-related hydrothermal regime that was transformed from crystal and lithic fragments.Theμ-XRF imaging analysis shows a dominant chemical composition of Al,Si,P,S,Rh,K,Ca,Ti,C,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,among which P,Ca,C and S are enriched in the fish skeleton in comparison to the matrix.This suggests a dominant apatite composition for the fish skeleton.Hydrothermal influence did not smear off these organic signals probably because of protection of gismondine.The coexistance of C and S with Ni is assumed to represent recovered primary productivity following volcanic explosions and toxic gas emissions.The head of juvenile fish stays close to the body of adult fish.Pending further discoveries,such phenomenon is interpreted to suggest that adult fish actively protected juvenile fish in the presence of environmental pressures such as anoxia and deterioration of water quality induced by volcanism.Ocean acidification and hypoxia in association with volcanism created a harmful environment causing mass extinction of fish.The adult Lycoptera protected their juveniles by its body at the moment before death.Such biological behavior will be increasingly reported given the wide occurrence of Lycoptera in Mesozoic strata.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0704502)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2022YFA1503900)+1 种基金the NSFC(Nos.22033008 and 22220102005)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZZ103).
文摘The development of effective and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic electrolytes is a significant challenge.In this work,homogeneous Pt nanodendrites(Pt NDs)with a PtIr shell were successfully synthesized by a two-step wet chemical method.This open three-dimensional(3D)dendritic structure exhibited exceptional electrocatalytic characteristics,exposing as many active sites as feasible.Furthermore,by alloying Ir with Pt on the surface,catalytic activity was greatly enhanced while ensuring extremely high stability.Iridium surface-enriched platinum nanodendritic catalysts(Pt@PtIr NDs)outperformed the control samples and the commercial catalysts.In acidic HER test,Pt@PtIr NDs had a lower overpotential(22 mV)than Pt NDs(26 mV)and commercial Pt/C(31 mV)at 10 mA/cm^(2),and the activity of Pt@PtIr NDs remained consistent even after undergoing a continuous durability test for at least 168 h,which was much superior to the performance of commercial Pt/C(10 h)under identical test conditions.This study revealed that the application of 3D Pt dendritic metal alloys may offer a chance for the development of enhanced electrocatalysts in acidic HER.
基金the Fujian Science Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China (Nos.2021ZR105 and 2021ZZ103)financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22071246 and22033008)。
文摘MOF-based core-shell structures with high surface area, abundant active sites, and broad absorption bands are viable alternatives to traditional single-component photocatalysts. In this report, we describe the design and construction of delicate Ag nanowires@NH_(2)-UiO-66 with a core-shell structure for use as photocatalysts in imine synthesis under light. The optimized composites exhibited 80% imine production, which was higher than both MOF and Ag NWs. The significant improvement in photocatalytic activity under light may be attributed to the plasmonic effect of silver nanowires and their core-shell structure, which promotes the separation of electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of the core-shell nanostructure may provide valuable insight into the design and construction of MOF-based composite photocatalysts for oxidative coupling of amines.
基金supported by the National Key research and development Program (No.2017YFC1600200)Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund (No.2020JJ26SN057)。
文摘Large-scale metal contamination across the food web is an intractable problem due to increasing pollutant emissions,atmospheric transport,and dry and wet deposition of elements.The present study focus on several trace metals that are rarely studied but have special toxicity,including tin(Sn),antimony(Sb),gold(Au),hafnium(Hf),palladium(Pd),platinum(Pt),ruthenium(Ru),tellurium(Te)and iridium(Ir).We investigated trace metals residues and distribution characteristics,and further evaluated the potential health risks from major daily food intakes in 33 cities in China.Sn,Sb,Ir,Hf,and Au were frequently detected in food samples with the concentrations ranged from ND(not detected)to 24.78μg/kg ww(wet weight).Eggs exhibited the highest residual level of all detected metals(13.70±14.70μg/kg ww in sum),while the lowest concentrations were observed in vegetables(0.53±0.17μg/kg ww in sum).Sn accounting for more than 50%of the total trace metals concentration in both terrestrial and aquatic animal origin foods.In terrestrial plant origin foods,Sn and Ir were the most abundant elements.Hf and Au were the most abundant elements in egg samples.In addition,Sb and Ir showed a clear trophic dilution effect in terrestrial environments,while in aquatic ecosystems,Sn,Hf,and Au exhibited obvious trophic amplification effects.The calculated average estimated daily intake(EDI)via food consumption in five regions of China was 0.09μg/(kg·day),implying the health risk of aforementioned elements was acceptable.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.42273025)the State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SKL-Z202303)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.223115)the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(No.GPMR201902)to Zhongwu Lan.
文摘Two calcite LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of 534±26 Ma(MSWD=5.9)and 456±43 Ma(MSWD=3.8)were obtained from the Nanfen Formation,Xihe Group in the southern Liaoning Prov-ince,northeastern China,which significantly postdate the theoretical depositional age of sampling hori-zon.This means they represent timing of post-depositional hydrothermal event possibly induced by syn-chronous far-field magmatism in the South Qinling.Occurrence of common Pb enriched muddy compo-nents coupled with input of"mantle"-like common Pb could account for the relatively low U contents and high common Pb contents in the dated muddy carbonates.We recommend that micro-domains of carbonates are prescreened by rapid in situ carbonate U-Pb geochronology to demonstrate whether they are of primary or secondary origin before utilizing them for chemostratigraphic study.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2017YFA0700103,2018YFA0704502,and 2021YFA1501500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.22033008)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZZ103).
文摘As efficient catalysts of electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)towards multicarbon(C_(2+))products,Cu-based catalysts have faced the challenges of increasing the reactive activity and selectivity.Herein,we decorated the surface of Cu nanowires(Cu NWs)with a small amount of Au nanoparticles(Au NPs)by the homo-nucleation method.When the Au to Cu mass ratio is as little as 0.7 to 99.3,the gold-doped copper nanowires(Cu-Au NWs)could effectively improve the selectivity and activity of CO_(2)RR to C_(2+)resultants,with the Faradaic efficiency(FE)from 39.7%(Cu NWs)to 65.3%,the partial current density from 7.0(Cu NWs)to 12.1 mA/cm^(2) under−1.25 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE).The enhanced electrocatalytic performance could be attributed to the following three synergetic factors.The addition of Au nanoparticles caused a rougher surface of the catalyst,which allowed for more active sites exposed.Besides,Au sites generated*CO intermediates spilling over into Cu sites with the calculated efficiency of 87.2%,which are necessary for multicarbon production.Meanwhile,the interphase electron transferred from Cu to Au induced the electron-deficient Cu,which favored the adsorption of*CO to further generate multicarbon productions.Our results uncovered the morphology,tandem,electronic effect between Cu NWs and Au NPs facilitated the activity and selectivity of CO_(2)RR to multicarbons.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81971664 and 82272057)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.2019PJD044).
文摘The development of microenvironment-responsive nanoprobes has shown great promise for use in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),with the advantage of significantly improved specificity and good biocompatibility.However,the clinical application of responsive probes is hampered by a lack of biological sensitivity for early molecular diagnostics and visualizing microenvionment of metabolism reprogramming in tumor progression.Here,we report on a dual-ratiometric magnetic resonance tunable(DMRT)nanoprobe designed by crosslinking different ratios of transferrin chelating gadolinium and superparamagnetic nanoparticles,complexed to a pH responsive biocompatible polymer.This dually activatable nanoprobe enables pH-dependent tumor microenvironment visualization,providing exceptional quantitative pathophysiological information in vitro and in vivo.When used in combination with dual-contrast enhancement triple subtraction imaging technique(DETSI),this smart nanoprobe guarantees the diagnosis of early-stage diseases.We envisage that this novel integrated nanoplatform will provide a new paradigm for the clinical translation of robust DMRT nanoprobes for early disease detection and staging,as well as microenvironment visualization and disease progression monitoring.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2017YFA0700103 and 2018YFA0704502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22033008),and Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZZ103).
文摘Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to higher-value products provides a forward-looking way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.However,the low solubility of CO_(2)in aqueous electrolytes,sluggish kinetics,and low selectivity hamper the efficient conversion of CO_(2).Here,we report a Au-based hybrid nanomaterial by modifying Au nanoparticles(NPs)with the macrocyclic molecule cucurbit[6]uril(Au@CB[6]).Au@CB[6]displays the optimal selectivity of CO,with the highest CO Faraday efficiency(FECO)reaching 99.50%at−0.6 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE).The partial current density of CO formed by Au@CB[6]increases dramatically,as 3.18 mA/cm2 at−0.6 V,which is more than ten times as that of oleylamine-coated Au NPs(Au@OAm,0.31 mA/cm2).Operando electrochemical measurement combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveals that CB[6]can gather CO_(2)and lead the increased local CO_(2)concentration near metal interface,which realizes significantly enhanced electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)performance.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0208600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22033008)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZZ103)。
文摘Utilizing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) to design photocatalysts for CO_(2) reduction catalysts is an excellent idea but currently restricted by the relatively low activity. Enhancing CO_(2) affinity and tuning the oxidation state of metal clusters in MOFs might be a solution to improve the catalytic performance.Herein, the Cl-bridge atoms in the metal clusters of a cobalt MOF were easily exchanged with OH-,which simultaneously oxidized a portion of Co(Ⅱ) to Co(Ⅲ) and resulted in a much enhanced photocatalytic activity for CO_(2) reduction. In contrast, the original framework does not exhibit such superior activity. Comprehensive characterizations on their physicochemical properties revealed that the introduction of hydroxyl group not only greatly increases the CO_(2) affinity but also alters the oxidation state of metal clusters, resulting in significantly improved photocatalytic activities for CO_(2) reduction. This work provides important insight into the design of efficient photocatalysts.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2017YFA0206802,2018YFA0704502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.22033008)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZZ103)。
文摘Developing efficient and stable electrocatalyst to hydrogen evolution reaction adaptable for electrolytes with different p H is a big challenge.In this work,a hierarchically structured ternary nanohybrid composed of flower-like Ru nanoparticles,rigid macrocyclic cucurbit[6]uril(CB[6])and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was successfully prepared by chemical wet method.Benefited by the structural merits of flower-like Ru nanoparticles exposed abundant active sites supported by the MWCNTs holding superior mass transport and electrons transfer ability as well as the existence of CB[6],the obtained catalyst exhibited outstanding HER activities with overpotentials of 27,37 and 70 m V at-10 m A/cm^(2) in alkaline,acidic,and neutral electrolytes,respectively.Under the same electrocatalytic operation conditions,the HER performance is comparable or superior to commercial Pt/C catalyst(47,27and 49 m V).Besides,chronopotentiometric and accelerated stability test also revealed its extraordinary stability,which could be further employed for electrocatalytic procedure in a broad pH range.
基金the Fujian Science Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(Nos.2021ZR105,2021ZZ103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22071246,22033008).
文摘The CO_(2)photoconversion is sensitive to the local reaction environment,of which activity and selectivity can be regulated by the change of reaction systems.This paper focuses on investigating the photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction behaviors of MOFs with the involvement of water under different reaction modes,including gas-solid and liquid-solid systems.The CO_(2)photoreduction in a liquid-solid system shows high performance in generating HCOOH with the selectivity of 100%.In contrast,the gas-solid system referring to the synergistic interaction of MOFs and H_(2)O vapor benefits to the formation of gas-phase products,such as CO and CH_(4).The possible mechanisms of photocatalytic CO_(2)reaction in two modes were investigated by in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,which indicates that the distinction in reaction consequence may result from the difference in CO_(2)chemisorbed modes and the proton provision.The choice of reaction system plays an important role in the achievement of high efficiency and selectivity for photocatalytic CO,reduction,whichis of great practical value in real-world applications.