“多元化二段式”教学模式在眼科学专业硕士研究生培养中的实践应用

目的:探讨“多元化二段式”教学模式在眼科学专业硕士研究生培养中的应用效果。方法:选取32名2017届、2018届和2019届的眼科学专业硕士研究生,将每届研究生都随机均分为研究组和对照组(各16人)。研究组采用“多元化二段式”教学模式进行教学;对照组采用传统教学模式进行教学。同组不同届研究生的教学内容相同,教学老师相同,教学时间为33mo的临床实践期,研究时间为2014~2019年,通过对研究组和对照组的眼科学专业硕士研究生的临床实践进行对比,从临床专业考核、科研能力考核、综合考核成绩、学生满意度及梦焦虑自评分数来分析“多元化二段式”教学模式与传统教学模式的不同。考试内容相同,评分标准统一。结果:研究组满意度评分为101.38±6.29分,综合成绩84.22±4.58分,梦焦虑评分17.31±5.20分;对照组满意度评分为59.13±9.61分,综合成绩75.72±5.14分,梦焦虑评分25.75±3.32分。研究组临床技能、科研创新、综合成绩的评分均高于对照组,而梦焦虑评分低于对照组(均P<0.05)。梦焦虑评分与教学模式满意度评分、学生满意度评分呈负相关(r=-0.746、-0.618,均P<0.05)。结论:“多元化二段式”教学模式相较于传统教学模式提高了眼科学专业硕士研究生理论知识、科研创新、身心健康等的综合素质,是目前眼科学专业硕士研究生教学的最佳模式。

桑色素滴眼液治疗围绝经期雌性兔干眼的实验研究

目的:探究桑色素滴眼液在围绝经期雌性兔干眼症中的治疗作用。方法:选取雌性新西兰大白兔36只,采用双侧卵巢切除术,术后饲养60d,制作围绝经期雌兔干眼症模型(36眼,均为右眼),其中24只随机分成对照组、实验组两组(各12只):对照组应用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),实验组应用桑色素滴眼液,另12只不使用任何滴眼液。治疗前,治疗后2、4、6wk对实验兔采取角膜荧光素染色(FL)、Schirmer Ⅰ试验(SⅠt)检查,同时测验溶菌酶含量、乳铁蛋白、淀粉酶活性和泪液总蛋白含量,并使用角膜共聚焦显微镜观察。结果:治疗前两组的SⅠt、FL、溶菌酶含量、乳铁蛋白、淀粉酶活性和泪液总蛋白量均无差异(P>0.05);治疗2、4、6wk后,对照组和实验组SⅠt和FL评分发生了不同的变化(P<0.05)。实验组溶菌酶含量、乳铁蛋白、淀粉酶活性和泪液总蛋白量较治疗前没有显著变化(均P>0.05),对照组溶菌酶含量、乳铁蛋白、淀粉酶活性和泪液总蛋白量都发生了程度不一的变化(均P<0.05)。治疗后2、4、6wk时两组SⅠt、FL评分、溶菌酶含量、乳铁蛋白、淀粉酶活性和泪液总蛋白量均有差异(P<0.05)。治疗6wk,对照组炎症细胞密度为321±91个/mm^2,上皮基底细胞密度为4436±289个/mm^2,实验组炎症细胞密度为36±11个/mm^2,上皮基底细胞密度为3219±223个/mm^2,两组均有差异(P<0.05)。治疗6wk后,对照组角膜上皮下多支神经纤维发生弯曲,密度显著减少(P<0.05),实验组神经弯曲度明显减小,密度较治疗前增加。结论:桑色素滴眼液对围绝经期雌性兔干眼症具有明确的治疗作用。

骨髓与脂肪间充质干细胞治疗眼病的研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSCs)具有很强的增殖能力,并且可以分化成不同类型的细胞,为动物个体发育中体细胞的更新提供了极大的可塑性。基于其独特的生物学特性,现在被用于治疗各种创伤性和退行性疾病,其临床应用潜能几乎是无限的。本文就骨髓和脂肪组织来源的两种间充质干细胞(BMSCs和ADSCs),讨论了其应用于眼科各种疾病的临床治疗、给药方法及其获得途径和安全性的相关研究。

持续性角膜上皮缺损的治疗进展

持续性角膜上皮缺损(PED/PCEDs)是指角膜损伤后10~14d内,在接受了相应治疗后,角膜也未能迅速重新形成上皮并闭合而导致的一种角膜疾病。角膜上皮的破坏和基质层的损伤容易使眼部受到感染、发生基质溃疡、穿孔、瘢痕,甚至丧失视力。就目前而言,临床医生对PED的治疗仍然面临相当大的挑战。标准的治疗方法包括配戴绷带隐形眼镜和使用人工泪液治疗,而新开发的药物则可以通过促进各类生长因子的生成使角膜重新形成上皮,进一步配合相应外科手术为角膜提供神经支配,以此达到治疗的效果。此外,确诊PED后应尽早接受治疗,以避免继发性并发症。本文就PED的流行病学、病因学、诊断与临床表现、治疗方法及预后进行综述。

Sirtuins在眼科疾病中的研究进展

在各种眼科疾病,如青光眼、黄斑变性等疾病的发生发展中,细胞氧化应激的发生非常常见,氧化应激可以使细胞受损而凋亡。Sirtuins家族(Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶)作为一类多种细胞的调控因子,在人体各种器官中广泛表达。Sirtuins的同源基因(SIRT1)在眼部也广泛表达,其表达与激活可以起到抗氧化应激的作用,防止细胞衰老及损伤,进而防止疾病的进展。本文就Sirtuins家族在青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、视神经炎、年龄相关性白内障中的作用机制与表达进行论述。

Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy:A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study using regional homogeneity

BACKGROUND Diabetes is a common chronic disease.Given the increasing incidence of diabetes,more individuals are affected by diabetic optic neuropathy(DON),which results in decreased vision.Whether DON leads to abnormalities of other visual systems,including the eye,the visual cortex,and other brain regions,remains unknown.AIM To investigate the local characteristics of spontaneous brain activity using regional homogeneity(ReHo)in patients with DON.METHODS We matched 22 patients with DON with 22 healthy controls(HCs).All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.The ReHo technique was used to record spontaneous changes in brain activity.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were applied to differentiate between ReHo values for patients with DON and HCs.We also assessed the correlation between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and ReHo values in DON patients using Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS ReHo values of the right middle frontal gyrus(RMFG),left anterior cingulate(LAC),and superior frontal gyrus(SFG)/left frontal superior orbital gyrus(LFSO)were significantly lower in DON patients compared to HCs.Among these,the greatest difference was observed in the RMFG.The result of the ROC curves suggest that ReHo values in altered brain regions may help diagnose DON,and the RMFG and LAC ReHo values are more clinically relevant than SFG/LFSO.We also found that anxiety and depression scores of the DON group were extremely negatively correlated with the LAC ReHo values(r=-0.9336,P<0.0001 and r=-0.8453,P<0.0001,respectively).CONCLUSION Three different brain regions show ReHo changes in DON patients,and these changes could serve as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers to further guide the prevention and treatment of DON patients.

Decreased retinal microvasculature densities in pterygium

AIM:To investigate the retinal vascular network alterations in eyes of patients with pterygium.METHODS:Totally 18 left eyes from 18 female pterygium patients and 18 left eyes from 18 female healthy control subjects were enrolled.Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)images were generated of the superficial retinal layer and deeper retinal layer of the macular retina for each eye.The microvascular(MIR)and macrovascular(MAR)densities were calculated and MIR,MAR,and total microvascular(TMI)density was compared in the healthy control and pterygium groups.RESULTS:In pterygium group,in the superficial retinal layer,the vascular density in superficial MIR,superior right(SR),inferior right(IR),right(R),superficial central annuli(SC)1,SC2,and SC3 decreased significantly in the macular area(P<0.05).Furthermore,the vascular density in all those decreased regions except R,was significantly and negatively correlated with the disease course(r=-0.6038 to-0.7762,P=0.0008),and the area size of pterygium(r=-0.6043 to-0.9508,P<0.05).For the deeper retinal layer,the density of deep total microvessel(DTMI),deeper MIR,SR,IR,R,DC2,and DC3 decreased significantly in macular area of pterygium patients(P<0.05).Furthermore,the vascular density in all those decreased regions was significantly and negatively correlated with the disease course(r=-0.6901 to-0.7795,P=0.0015),and the area size of pterygium(r=-0.6043 to-0.9563,P<0.05).No statistically significant differences and correlation was found in other region density(|r|<0.47,P>0.05).CONCLUSION:OCTA findings suggest that pterygium patients present with decreased retinal MIR density,and the major vascular alterations occurr mainly on the bitamporal side.The vascular density of the superficial SC1,SC2,SC3 adjacent to the foveal and deep layer of DC2,DC2 regions,significantly decreased.

Surgical correction of recurrent epiblepharon in Chinese children using modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty

AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty procedure for correction of recurrent lower lid epiblepharon in Chinese children.METHODS:From 2016 to 2018,18 children(10 males and 8 females,average age 6.2±1.7 y;30 eyes)with recurrent epiblepharon who attended Beijing Children’s Hospital were included in the study.All the children had undergone lower eyelid surgery for epiblepharon.Surgical design included using an additional incision along the upper palpebral margin,to avoid vertical scarring on the upper lid.The re-draping method was used to correct recurrent epiblepharon.Follow-up ranged from 3 to 24 mo.Postoperative surgical outcomes,complications,and subjective satisfaction were evaluated.RESULTS:Complete correction of cilia touching the cornea was observed in all patients during an average follow-up of 7.1 mo.No"dog ears"or obvious scars were formed after surgery.All parents were satisfied with the cosmetic results and none complained.Mean astigmatism decreased from 2.39±0.79 diopter(D)preoperatively to 2.19±0.79 D at 6 mo after surgery;however,the difference was not significant.Best-corrected visual acuity improved,although the change in mean visual acuity was not significant.No recurrence occurred during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION:This surgical modified skin re-draping technique is effective and highly satisfactory for correction of recurrent epiblepharon.The approach is characterized by a simple design,a straightforward procedure,inconspicuous scarring,and good postoperative appearance.

Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients with hyperthyroidism exophthalmos using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation:a resting-state fMRI study

AIM:To assess changed spontaneous brain activity in hyperthyroid exophthalmos(HE)patients by the amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF)method,and to analyze the correlation between brain activity and ALFF values in these patients.METHODS:Totally 18 HE and 18 hyperthyroid nonexophthalmos(HNE)patients were enrolled.The participants were tested by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were generated to classify the ALFF values of the study population.Pearson’s correlation analysis was utilized to evaluate the relationship between the ALFF values obtained from different brain areas and clinical manifestations.RESULTS:Contrary to HNE patients,we observed lower ALFF values in the left calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex(LCFSC)in HE patients.In the ROC curve analysis of the LCFSC,the area under the curve reflected a high degree of accuracy.In addition,there was positive correlation between mean ALFF values of the LCFSC and the bestcorrected visual acuity of the affected eyes.CONCLUSION:The study displays abnormal brain activity in LCFSC in patients with HE,which might suggest pathological mechanism of visual impairment of HE patients.

Photoredox Synthesis of Thio-Functionalized Cyclic Ethers Using N-Sulfenyl Phthalimides as a Thiyl-Radical Precursor

Comprehensive Summary A visible-light mediated exclusively regioselective synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted thio-functionalized tetrahydrofurans,tetrahydro-pyrans and oxepanes has been described through an operationally simple and mild photoredox protocol.Thiyl radical generated from N-phenylsulfenyl phthalimide by photoredox catalysis was proven to be the key reactive intermediate in this reaction.