New contributions to Goodyerinae and Dendrobiinae(Orchidaceae)in the flora of China

Eight new species from China,Cheirostylis chuxiongensis,C.yei,Myrmechis lingulata,M.longii,Bulbophyllum ximaense,B.xizangense,B.retusum and B.pulcherissimum,are described and illustrated.Cheirostylis chuxiongensis differs from C.thailandica by having 5-9 irregular and papillae-like calli on each side in the sac of the lip,epichile with entire lobes,petals narrowly obliquely obovate and an apex that is not recurved.Cheirostylis yei is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having a long stem,pubescent ovary and sepals,epichile lobes with irregular and undulate margins,a subquadrate callus without teeth in the saccate hypochile.Myrmechis lingulata differs from M.chinensis by having a simple and lanceolate to ligulate lip,glabrous bracts and ovary,oblique and narrowly ovate petals.Myrmechis longii differs from M.pumila by having white-veined leaves,oblong-lanceolate epichile lobes,and viscidium attached to the middle of the caudicle.Bulbophyllum ximaense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having distant pseudobulbs,shorter scape,an inflorescence with 9-16 orange-red flowers,shorter lateral sepals with a long acuminate apex,incurved and tubular apical margins,a papillate lip disk and triangular-subulate stelidia.Bulbophyllum xizangense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having narrow lanceolate leaves,shorter inflorescence with 1-3 greenish-yellow flowers,falcate-ovoid lateral sepals,a lip with small lateral lobes and 3 keels at the base.Bulbophyllum retusum differs from B.spathulatum by having shorter inflorescence,peduncles with 2 tubular sheaths,dorsal sepals with a retuse apex,lateral sepals with lower edges that are connate to each other and free and divergent toward the apex,obovate petals with an acute or slightly retuse apex.Bulbophyllum pulcherissimum differs from B.lopalanthum by its 5-veined dorsal sepal,ovate-lanceolate lateral sepals,obliquely ovate-oblong petal,erose-toothed margins and obovate lip with a large,oblong basal callus,and an obtuse base.In addition,three species(Bulbophyllum frostii,B.raskotii and B.nematocaulon)are reported for the first time in China.

Effect of Rheum palmatum L.on NF-κ B signaling pathway of mice with acute liver failure

Objective:To explore the regulation effect of Rheum palmatum(R.palmatum) L.on NF-κ.B signaling pathway of ALF mice.Methods:The intraperitoneal injection of D-GalN/LPS was employed for the model building.Mice in the treatment group and positive control group were given the R,palmatum L.and bifendate before the model building.Mice in the normal group were given the intraperitoneal injection of equivalent normal saline for continuously 3d.After 16 h of model building,the blood was collected from eyeballs of mice and then mice were executed.The measurement was performed on the content of ALT,AST,NO and 11-1βin the serum of mice in eaeh group,as well as the activity of Caspase 3 and Caspase 8 in the liver tissue.HE staining was employed to detect the pathological morphology of liver;and the western blot was used to detect the expression of iNOS,COX-2,Bax,Bcl-2,PCNA,NF-κ B p65 and I κ.B.Results:The content of ALT,AST,NO and I1-1β in the serum and the activity of Caspase 3 and Caspase 8 in the liver tissue were increased in the mice of ALF model group.Besides,the expression of iNOS,COX-2 and Bax was increased,the expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA was decreased,the phosphorylation of NF-κ B p65 and 1κ B was significant and the treatment group of R.palmatum L.could inhibit such change.Conclusions:Through NF-κB signaling pathway,the R.palmatum L.could reduce the content of enzyme of liver function and inflammation factor in the serum of ALF mice,regulate the expression of cell apoptosisrelated protein and improve the symptoms of ALF mice.

Study on the role of autophagy in the occurrence and development of liver diseases

Autophagy is a process of lysosome degradation,which plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and organ integrity through the degradation of misfolded proteins,removal of damaged organelles and excess lipids,which is one of the research hotspots in recent years.Liver disease often develops into chronic disease with high mortality,which seriously affects the life safety and quality of life of patients.Studies have shown that autophagy participates in the processes of cellular immunity and oxidative stress,plays an important role in a variety of liver diseases,has the characteristics of two-way regulation,and moderate autophagy has a protective effect.Excessive or dysfunctional autophagy can promote cell death and lead to the occurrence and development of the disease.at present,regulating autophagy is considered as a potential treatment.Based on chronic viral hepatitis,liver fibrosis,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,acute liver failure and primary liver cancer,this paper reviews the functional characteristics and regulatory mechanism of autophagy in liver diseases.to explore new therapeutic targets for liver diseases,in order to provide new ideas and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Advances in the mechanism of bile acids in liver regeneration

Hepatocytes can divide rapidly and proliferate in the absence of inflammation and fibroplasia in the damaged or partial hepatectomy(PHx)of the liver,which is essential for the recovery of related patients.Recent studies have found that bile acids(BA)play an important role in the process of liver regeneration.In the early stages of PHx,bile acid overload occurs,and liver injury is aggravated by loading.Later bile acids can induce protective and proliferative responses in the liver and promote liver regeneration.In this paper,we summarize the negative effects after bile acid overload and its positive role as a signaling molecule involved in related signaling pathways on liver regeneration,including protection of the liver and promotion of liver regeneration,and its double-edswordged"in Liver regeneration.This provides a theoretical basis for subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism and benefit avoidance in clinical treatment.

Mechanism of action and targeted therapy of stellate cells in liver fibrosis

The incidence of liver fibrosis is increasing worldwide,and if left untreated,it will later develop into cirrhosis with a high mortality rate.In this paper,the activation pathway and related mechanism of stellate cells in liver fibrosis are introduced,and some current therapeutic methods are summarized.These results suggest that stellate cells play an important role in liver fibrosis,and targeted therapy for the purpose of inhibiting the activation of stellate cells and inducing their apoptosis is expected to be an effective regimen to reverse liver fibrosis.However,there are some problems such as insufficient in-depth study of related mechanisms and imperfect experiments.In future animal experiments and clinical trials,more studies can be carried out to provide high-quality protocols for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Research progress of TCM multi-target intervention in the pathogenesis of liver failure

Liver failure is a serious liver damage caused by many factors,leading to severe impairment or decompensation of synthesis,detoxification,metabolism and biotransformation,and a group of clinical symptoms mainly manifested by jaundice and coagulation dysfunction.Traditional Chinese medicine belongs to the categories of"acute yellow"and"jaundice",and the incidence is mostly related to"poison,phlegm,stasis,and deficiency".Traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages of multi-component,multi-path and multi-target in the intervention of liver failure.This article summarizes the traditional Chinese medicine intervention in liver failure in terms of innate immunity,cytokine effects and oxidative stress.

Role of cytokines in the progression of hepatic fibrosis: A review

Hepatic fibrosis(HF)is the common pathological basis of all chronic liver diseases,and is a necessary stage for the development of chronic liver disease into cirrhosis.The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis is very complicated.Different cells and cytokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.This article focuses on the development mechanism of liver fibrosis,different cells and cytokines(macrophages,natural killer cells,natural killer T cells,tumor necrosis factor,IL-22,transforming growth factor-β,connective tissue growth factor,vascular endothelial growth factor)Its impact on the development of liver fibrosis is reviewed.

光响应有机模块自组装导致的氧自由基转化及其光催化应用

在光催化反应中实现对活性氧物种的单线态氧和超氧阴离子自由基的有效控制仍然是一个巨大挑战.本工作报道了一个从光敏模块构筑主客体超分子有机框架(SOF)策略,有效地实现了单线态氧到超氧阴离子自由基的转化.该TPA-BP-SOF结构中的光敏模块由四个4,4′-联吡啶盐(BP)单元修饰的苯基桥接双(三苯胺)衍生物(TPA-BP)构成.来自于不同的TPA-BP中的两个BP单元通过与葫芦[8]脲(CB[8])发生首尾相连的强络合作用,形成了具有周期性孔结构和均匀溶解度的二维超分子有机框架纳米片结构.与单体TPA-BP中检测到的生成单线态氧的能量转移机制不同,通过主客体相互作用形成的TPA-BP-SOF能够有效促进电子转移高效产生超氧阴离子自由基.同时,该TPA-BP-SOF生成的超氧阴离子自由基能有效地用于水相芳基硼酸的氧化羟基化和N-苯基四氢异喹啉的氧化,收率分别高达88%和83%.本研究提出了一种利用SOF实现II型光敏剂向I型光敏剂有效转化的新方法,成功展示了其在光催化有机转化中的实际应用.