Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Point-of-Care Testing of Neurotransmitters

Abstract Neurotransmitters are important biological molecules related to several nervous system diseases(NSDs).Point-of-care test-ing(POCT)of neurotransmitters is of great importance in preclinical research and early diagnosis of NSDs.Among various POCT platforms,paper-based electrochemical biosensors have achieved great advances in detection of neurotransmitters,thus taking a significant role in POCT of neurotransmitters nowadays.This review gives an overview of the recent advances of paper-based electrochemical biosensors for POCT of neurotransmitters.We first introduce the types of neurotransmitters and biological sample sources mainly used for neurotransmitter detection.Second,we review the components and the traditional fabrication technologies for paper-based electrochemical POCT biosensors,and then the functional modification methods of biosensor surfaces and three-dimensional fabrication methods for further enhancement of their detection performance.Then,we list examples of paper-based electrochemical biosensors used for detecting different neurotransmitters in biologi-cal samples.Last,we give a conclusion and promising development direction of paper-based electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters detection.The purpose of this review is to introduce the paper-based electrochemical biosensors as an emerging technology for POCT of neurotransmitters,offering a reference for readers and researchers for early diagnosis of NSDs using POCT technologies.

Flexible Miniaturized Sensor Technologies for Long-Term Physiological Monitoring

Physiological monitoring can provide detailed information about health conditions,and therefore presents great potentials for personalized healthcare.Flexible miniaturized sensors(FMS)for physiological monitoring have garnered significant attention because of their wide applications in collecting health-related information,evaluating and managing the state of human wellness in long term.In this review,we focus on the time scale of human physiological monitoring,the needs and advances in miniaturized technologies for long-term monitoring in typical applications.We also discuss the rational sample sources of FMS to select proper strategies for specific monitoring cases.Further,existing challenges and promising prospects are also presented.