Wearable multifunctional printed graphene sensors

The outstanding properties of graphene have initiated myriads of research and development;yet, its economic impact is hamperedby the difficulties encountered in production and practical application. Recently discovered laser-induced graphene is generated bya simple printing process on flexible and lightweight polyimide films. Exploiting the electrical features and mechanical pliability ofLIG on polyimide, we developed wearable resistive bending sensors that pave the way for many cost-effective measurementsystems. The versatile sensors we describe can be utilized in a wide range of configurations, including measurement of force,deflection, and curvature. The deflection induced by different forces and speeds is effectively sensed through a resistancemeasurement, exploiting the piezoresistance of the printed graphene electrodes. The LIG sensors possess an outstanding range forstrain measurements reaching >10% A double-sided electrode concept was developed by printing the same electrodes on bothsides of the film and employing difference measurements. This provided a large bidirectional bending response combined withtemperature compensation. Versatility in geometry and a simple fabrication process enable the detection of a wide range of flowspeeds, forces, and deflections. The sensor response can be easily tuned by geometrical parameters of the bending sensors and theLIG electrodes. As a wearable device, LIG bending sensors were used for tracking body movements. For underwater operation,PDMS-coated LIG bending sensors were integrated with ultra-low power aquatic tags and utilized in underwater animal speedmonitoring applications, and a recording of the surface current velocity on a coral reef in the Red Sea.

Towards informed metrics for examining the role of human-induced animal responses in tag studies on wild animals

Two prime issues can detrimentally affect animals that have been equipped with tags:(i)the effect of the cap-ture and restraint process;and(ii)the effect of the tag itself.This work examines some of the issues surround-ing quantification of tag effects on wild animals for both restrained and free-living animals.A new method to quantify stress effects based on monitoring ventilation rates in relation to activity is suggested for restrained an-imals which may help improve the practice of handling animals.It is also suggested that various metrics,many derived from accelerometers,can be examined in tagged wild animals to examine the change in behaviors over time with a view to having a better understanding of welfare issues,assuring the quality of recorded data and in-forming best practice.