The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this o...The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this organ,Fra a 1.01 and Fra a 1.02 are the most abundant Fra proteins in the green and red fruits,respectively,however,their function remains unknown.To know the function of Fra a 1.02 we have generated transgenic lines that silence this gene,and performed metabolomics,RNA-Seq,and hormonal assays.Previous studies associated Fra a 1.02 to strawberry fruit color,but the analysis of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits showed no diminution in their content in the silenced lines.Gene ontology(GO)analysis of the genes differentially expressed indicated that oxidation/reduction was the most represented biological process.Redox state was not apparently altered since no changes were found in ascorbic acid and glutathione(GSH)reduced/oxidized ratio,but GSH content was reduced in the silenced fruits.In addition,a number of glutathione-S-transferases(GST)were down-regulated as result of Fra a 1.02-silencing.Another highly represented GO category was transport which included a number of ABC and MATE transporters.Among the regulatory genes differentially expressed WRKY33.1 and WRKY33.2 were down-regulated,which had previously been assigned a role in strawberry plant defense.A reduced expression of the VQ23 gene and a diminished content of the hormones JA,SA,and IAA were also found.These data might indicate that Fra a 1.02 participates in the defense against pathogens in the ripe strawberry fruits.展开更多
Hydrogel encapsulation has been widely utilized in the study of fundamental cellular mechanisms and has been shown to provide a better representation of the complex in vivo microenvironment in natural biological condi...Hydrogel encapsulation has been widely utilized in the study of fundamental cellular mechanisms and has been shown to provide a better representation of the complex in vivo microenvironment in natural biological conditions of mammalian cells.In this review,we provide a background into the adoption of hydrogel encapsulation methods in the study of mammalian cells,highlight some key findings that may aid with the adoption of similar methods for the study of plant cells,including the potential challenges and considerations,and discuss key findings of studies that have utilized these methods in plant sciences.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(MINECO,BIO2013-44199-R)B.O-N.was supported by a FPI fellowship and C.M.by the RYC program of Spanish Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessThe authors would like to thank and acknowledge the support of this work by the EU funded GoodBerry project(funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 679303).
文摘The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related(PR-10)superfamily.In strawberry,a large number of members have been identified,but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits.In this organ,Fra a 1.01 and Fra a 1.02 are the most abundant Fra proteins in the green and red fruits,respectively,however,their function remains unknown.To know the function of Fra a 1.02 we have generated transgenic lines that silence this gene,and performed metabolomics,RNA-Seq,and hormonal assays.Previous studies associated Fra a 1.02 to strawberry fruit color,but the analysis of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits showed no diminution in their content in the silenced lines.Gene ontology(GO)analysis of the genes differentially expressed indicated that oxidation/reduction was the most represented biological process.Redox state was not apparently altered since no changes were found in ascorbic acid and glutathione(GSH)reduced/oxidized ratio,but GSH content was reduced in the silenced fruits.In addition,a number of glutathione-S-transferases(GST)were down-regulated as result of Fra a 1.02-silencing.Another highly represented GO category was transport which included a number of ABC and MATE transporters.Among the regulatory genes differentially expressed WRKY33.1 and WRKY33.2 were down-regulated,which had previously been assigned a role in strawberry plant defense.A reduced expression of the VQ23 gene and a diminished content of the hormones JA,SA,and IAA were also found.These data might indicate that Fra a 1.02 participates in the defense against pathogens in the ripe strawberry fruits.
基金supported by the NSF EAGER grant(MCB#2039285)to TJH and RS.
文摘Hydrogel encapsulation has been widely utilized in the study of fundamental cellular mechanisms and has been shown to provide a better representation of the complex in vivo microenvironment in natural biological conditions of mammalian cells.In this review,we provide a background into the adoption of hydrogel encapsulation methods in the study of mammalian cells,highlight some key findings that may aid with the adoption of similar methods for the study of plant cells,including the potential challenges and considerations,and discuss key findings of studies that have utilized these methods in plant sciences.
