目的:探讨三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)组织中淋巴细胞激活基因-3(lymphocyte-activation gene-3,LAG-3)、程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)...目的:探讨三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)组织中淋巴细胞激活基因-3(lymphocyte-activation gene-3,LAG-3)、程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)的表达和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)计数的临床意义。方法:免疫组织化学法检测62例原发性TNBC组织和30例癌旁组织中LAG-3、PD-1、PD-L1的表达,苏木素-伊红法染色并计数TIL,分析四者与TNBC临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果:TNBC组织中LAG-3、PD-1和PD-L1表达显著高于癌旁组织(P<0.01);LAG-3表达与TNBC患者的淋巴结转移、Ki-67、PD-1、PD-L1表达和TIL计数有关(P<0.05);单因素分析显示,TNBC患者DFS与淋巴结转移、TNM分期、Ki-67、TIL、LAG-3^(+)PD-1^(+)、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)、LAG-3^(+)TIL^(low)有关(P<0.05);多因素分析显示,TNM分期、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)和TIL是TNBC患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:TNM分期、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)和TIL与TNBC患者不良预后有关,特别是LAG-3和PD-L1结合共表达,可为免疫检查点双重阻滞在TNBC患者的临床应用中提供更多的理论依据。展开更多
Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when...Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when reconstructing a surface. This paper presents an improved geologic surface approximation method using a multiquadric function and borehole data. Additional information, i.e., inequality elevation and dip-strikes data extracted from outcrops or mining faces, is introduced in the form of physical constraints that control local changes in the estimated surface. Commonly accepted hypothesis states that geologic surfaces can be approximated to any desired degree of exactness by the summation of regular, mathematically defined, surfaces: in particular displaced quadric forms. The coefficients of the multiquadric functions are traditionally found by a least squares method. The addition of physical constraints in this work makes such an approach into a non-deterministic polynomial time problem. Hence we propose an objective function that represents the quality of the estimated surface and that includes the additional constraints by incorporation of a penalty function. Maximizing the smoothness of the estimated surface and its fitness to the additional constraints then allows the coefficients of the multiquadric function to be obtained by iterative methods. This method was implemented and demonstrated using data collected from the 81'st coal mining area of the Huaibei Coal Group.展开更多
Aiming at the issue of oil extraction data analysis and data display, this paper introduces an effective contour map rendering method considering constrained factors of the distribution of oil reservoir and geological...Aiming at the issue of oil extraction data analysis and data display, this paper introduces an effective contour map rendering method considering constrained factors of the distribution of oil reservoir and geological conditions. The constraints such as faults, ridges, scarps and island areas are first classified into two categories of geometries, namely, polylines and polygons. Then, a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is constructed based on the geo-locations of oil wells and further refined with local constraints of polylines and polygons. Finally, the intersections of line segments between a specified equivalent surface and the triangles in TIN are calculated and the contours are thus formed by connecting these intersection line segments. The approach is well demonstrated with the oil extraction data of Xinjiang oil field in China.展开更多
Geological body structure is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension, which is presented in 3D configuration in the natural world. However, many geologists still record and process their geologic...Geological body structure is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension, which is presented in 3D configuration in the natural world. However, many geologists still record and process their geological data using the 2D or 1D pattern, which results in the loss of a large quantity of spatial data. One of the reasons is that the current methods have limitations on how to express underground geological objects. To analyze and interpret geological models, we present a layer data model to organize different kinds of geological datasets. The data model implemented the unification expression and storage of geological data and geometric models. In addition, it is a method for visualizing large-scaled geological datasets through building multi-resolution geological models rapidly, which can meet the demand of the operation, analysis, and interpretation of 3D geological objects. It proves that our methodology is competent for 3D modeling and self-adaptive visualization of large geological objects and it is a good way to solve the problem of integration and share of geological spatial data.展开更多
In the application of 3D Geoscience Modeling,we often need to generate the volumetric representations of geological bodies from their surface representations.Linear octree,as an efficient and easily operated volumetri...In the application of 3D Geoscience Modeling,we often need to generate the volumetric representations of geological bodies from their surface representations.Linear octree,as an efficient and easily operated volumetric model,is widely used in 3D Geoscience Modeling.This paper proposes an algorithm for fast and dynamic generation of linear octrees of geological bodies from their surface models under hardware acceleration.The Z-buffers are used to determine the attributes of octants and voxels in a fast way,and a divide-and-conquer strategy is adopted.A stack structure is exploited to record the subdivision,which allows generating linear octrees dynamically.The algorithm avoids large-scale sorting process and bypasses the compression in linear octrees generation.Experimental results indicate its high efficiency in generating linear octrees for large-scale geologic bodies.展开更多
文摘目的:探讨三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)组织中淋巴细胞激活基因-3(lymphocyte-activation gene-3,LAG-3)、程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)的表达和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)计数的临床意义。方法:免疫组织化学法检测62例原发性TNBC组织和30例癌旁组织中LAG-3、PD-1、PD-L1的表达,苏木素-伊红法染色并计数TIL,分析四者与TNBC临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果:TNBC组织中LAG-3、PD-1和PD-L1表达显著高于癌旁组织(P<0.01);LAG-3表达与TNBC患者的淋巴结转移、Ki-67、PD-1、PD-L1表达和TIL计数有关(P<0.05);单因素分析显示,TNBC患者DFS与淋巴结转移、TNM分期、Ki-67、TIL、LAG-3^(+)PD-1^(+)、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)、LAG-3^(+)TIL^(low)有关(P<0.05);多因素分析显示,TNM分期、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)和TIL是TNBC患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:TNM分期、LAG-3^(+)PD-L1^(+)和TIL与TNBC患者不良预后有关,特别是LAG-3和PD-L1结合共表达,可为免疫检查点双重阻滞在TNBC患者的临床应用中提供更多的理论依据。
基金provided by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Nos.2009ZX05039-004 and 2009ZX 05039-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.40771167 and 70621001)
文摘Geologic surface approximation is profoundly affected by the presence, density and location of scattered geologic input data. Many studies have recognized the importance of utilizing varied sources of information when reconstructing a surface. This paper presents an improved geologic surface approximation method using a multiquadric function and borehole data. Additional information, i.e., inequality elevation and dip-strikes data extracted from outcrops or mining faces, is introduced in the form of physical constraints that control local changes in the estimated surface. Commonly accepted hypothesis states that geologic surfaces can be approximated to any desired degree of exactness by the summation of regular, mathematically defined, surfaces: in particular displaced quadric forms. The coefficients of the multiquadric functions are traditionally found by a least squares method. The addition of physical constraints in this work makes such an approach into a non-deterministic polynomial time problem. Hence we propose an objective function that represents the quality of the estimated surface and that includes the additional constraints by incorporation of a penalty function. Maximizing the smoothness of the estimated surface and its fitness to the additional constraints then allows the coefficients of the multiquadric function to be obtained by iterative methods. This method was implemented and demonstrated using data collected from the 81'st coal mining area of the Huaibei Coal Group.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Nos.2009ZX05039-004 and 2009ZX05039-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40901191)
文摘Aiming at the issue of oil extraction data analysis and data display, this paper introduces an effective contour map rendering method considering constrained factors of the distribution of oil reservoir and geological conditions. The constraints such as faults, ridges, scarps and island areas are first classified into two categories of geometries, namely, polylines and polygons. Then, a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is constructed based on the geo-locations of oil wells and further refined with local constraints of polylines and polygons. Finally, the intersections of line segments between a specified equivalent surface and the triangles in TIN are calculated and the contours are thus formed by connecting these intersection line segments. The approach is well demonstrated with the oil extraction data of Xinjiang oil field in China.
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA12Z220, 2006AA12Z114, 2007AA12Z226)Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (Grant No. WKL(06)0304)
文摘Geological body structure is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension, which is presented in 3D configuration in the natural world. However, many geologists still record and process their geological data using the 2D or 1D pattern, which results in the loss of a large quantity of spatial data. One of the reasons is that the current methods have limitations on how to express underground geological objects. To analyze and interpret geological models, we present a layer data model to organize different kinds of geological datasets. The data model implemented the unification expression and storage of geological data and geometric models. In addition, it is a method for visualizing large-scaled geological datasets through building multi-resolution geological models rapidly, which can meet the demand of the operation, analysis, and interpretation of 3D geological objects. It proves that our methodology is competent for 3D modeling and self-adaptive visualization of large geological objects and it is a good way to solve the problem of integration and share of geological spatial data.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60502008)Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos.2006AA12Z220 and 2007AA12Z226)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No.NCET-07-0099)
文摘In the application of 3D Geoscience Modeling,we often need to generate the volumetric representations of geological bodies from their surface representations.Linear octree,as an efficient and easily operated volumetric model,is widely used in 3D Geoscience Modeling.This paper proposes an algorithm for fast and dynamic generation of linear octrees of geological bodies from their surface models under hardware acceleration.The Z-buffers are used to determine the attributes of octants and voxels in a fast way,and a divide-and-conquer strategy is adopted.A stack structure is exploited to record the subdivision,which allows generating linear octrees dynamically.The algorithm avoids large-scale sorting process and bypasses the compression in linear octrees generation.Experimental results indicate its high efficiency in generating linear octrees for large-scale geologic bodies.
