Semiconductor nanowires coupled to a superconductor provide a powerful testbed for quantum device physics such as Majorana zero modes and gate-tunable hybrid qubits.The performance of these quantum devices heavily rel...Semiconductor nanowires coupled to a superconductor provide a powerful testbed for quantum device physics such as Majorana zero modes and gate-tunable hybrid qubits.The performance of these quantum devices heavily relies on the quality of the induced superconducting gap.A hard gap.展开更多
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disrupti...Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disruptions in BMP signaling cause a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal anomalies. Several knockout models have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes. Proper bone formation requires the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) precursors, a process mediated in part by BMP signaling. Multiple BMPs, including BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9, promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. BMP9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs, yet it is a poorly characterized member of the BMP family. Several studies demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling BMP9-mediated osteogenesis differ from other osteogenic BMPs, but little is known about these specific mechanisms. Several pathways critical to BMP9-mediated osteogenesis are also important in the differentiation of other cell lineages, including adipocytes and chondrocytes. BMP9 has also demonstrated translational promise in spinal fusion and bone fracture repair. This review will summarize our current knowledge of BMP-mediated osteogenesis, with a focus on BMP9, by presenting recently completed work which may help us to further elucidate these pathways.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder,while the treatment effect is not satisfactory.Immune responsive gene 1(IRG1)is a highly ex-pressed gene in macrophage in response to inf...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder,while the treatment effect is not satisfactory.Immune responsive gene 1(IRG1)is a highly ex-pressed gene in macrophage in response to inflammatory response and catalyzes the production of itaconate.Studies have reported that IRG1/itaconate has a significant antioxidant effect.This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of IRG1/itaconate on dextran sulfate so-dium(DSS)-induced colitis in vivo and in vitro.In vivo experiments,we found IRG1/itaconate ex-erted protective effects against acute colitis by increasing mice weight,the length of colon,reducing disease activity index and colonic inflammation.Meanwhile,IRG1 deletion aggravated the macrophages/CD4+/CD8+T-cell accumulation,and increased the release of interleukin(IL)-1b,tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),IL-6,the activation of nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,and gasdermin D(GSDMD)mediated pyrop-tosis.Four-octyl itaconate(4-OI),a derivative of itaconate,attenuated these changes,therefore relieved DSS-induced colitis.In vitro experiment,we found 4-OI inhibited the reactive oxygen species production,thereby inhibiting the activation of MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 and murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages.Simultaneously,we found 4-OI inhib-ited caspase1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis to reduce the release of cytokines.Finally,we found anti-TNF-a agent reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis and inhibited gasdermin E(GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis in vivo.Meanwhile,our study revealed that 4-OI inhibited caspase3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis induced by TNF-a in vitro.Taken together,IRG1/itaconate exerted a pro-tective role in DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting inflammatory response and GSDMD/GSDME-medi-ated pyroptosis,which could be a promising candidate for IBD therapy.展开更多
Guest editorial The emerging applications,suchas Augmented and Virtual Realities(AR/VR),InternetofThings(IoT),4K/8Kstreaming,raisestrongrequirementsto movecomputationfrom thecloudtotheedgestobecloser tousers.There are...Guest editorial The emerging applications,suchas Augmented and Virtual Realities(AR/VR),InternetofThings(IoT),4K/8Kstreaming,raisestrongrequirementsto movecomputationfrom thecloudtotheedgestobecloser tousers.There are tremendous possibilities for the network edge,which may includeavariety ofentities,such as small datacenters,end devices,and resource-abundant network nodes.These together provide the network computation and intelligence to users.展开更多
Adult neurogenesis occurs in two specialized regions of the mammalian brain,the subventricular zone(SVZ)and the subgranular zone(SGZ)of the dentate gyrus(DG).^(1)Adult hippocampal neural stem cells(NSCs),referred to a...Adult neurogenesis occurs in two specialized regions of the mammalian brain,the subventricular zone(SVZ)and the subgranular zone(SGZ)of the dentate gyrus(DG).^(1)Adult hippocampal neural stem cells(NSCs),referred to as Type 1 cells represented by radial glia-like cells(RGLs),generate Type 2 cells that are divided into Type 2a and Type 2 b subpopulations,the latter of which give rise to Type 3 cells(neuroblasts).展开更多
Software-defined networking (SDN) decouples the data and control planes. However, attackers can lead catastrophic results to the whole network using manipulated flooding packets, called the data-to-control-plane satur...Software-defined networking (SDN) decouples the data and control planes. However, attackers can lead catastrophic results to the whole network using manipulated flooding packets, called the data-to-control-plane saturation attacks. The existing methods, using centralized mitigation policies and ignoring the buffered attack flows, involve extra network entities and make benign traffic suffer from long network recovery delays. For these purposes, we propose LFSDM, a saturation attack detection and mitigation system, which solves these challenges by leveraging three new techniques: 1) using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and extracting a novel feature called control channel occupation rate (CCOR) to detect the attacks, 2) adopting the distributed mitigation agents to reduce the number of involved network entities and, 3) cleaning up the buffered attack flows to enable fast recovery. Experiments show that our system can detect the attacks timely and accurately. More importantly, compared with the previous work, we save 81% of the network recovery delay under attacks ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 packets per second (PPS) on average, and 87% of the network recovery delay under higher attack rates with PPS ranging from 5,000 to 30,000.展开更多
基金supported by Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Programthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92065206)+1 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0302400)the support from National Postdoctoral Researcher Program of China(Grant No.GZC20231368)。
文摘Semiconductor nanowires coupled to a superconductor provide a powerful testbed for quantum device physics such as Majorana zero modes and gate-tunable hybrid qubits.The performance of these quantum devices heavily relies on the quality of the induced superconducting gap.A hard gap.
文摘Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disruptions in BMP signaling cause a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal anomalies. Several knockout models have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes. Proper bone formation requires the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) precursors, a process mediated in part by BMP signaling. Multiple BMPs, including BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9, promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. BMP9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs, yet it is a poorly characterized member of the BMP family. Several studies demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling BMP9-mediated osteogenesis differ from other osteogenic BMPs, but little is known about these specific mechanisms. Several pathways critical to BMP9-mediated osteogenesis are also important in the differentiation of other cell lineages, including adipocytes and chondrocytes. BMP9 has also demonstrated translational promise in spinal fusion and bone fracture repair. This review will summarize our current knowledge of BMP-mediated osteogenesis, with a focus on BMP9, by presenting recently completed work which may help us to further elucidate these pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81701883,82072736,82172171)。
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder,while the treatment effect is not satisfactory.Immune responsive gene 1(IRG1)is a highly ex-pressed gene in macrophage in response to inflammatory response and catalyzes the production of itaconate.Studies have reported that IRG1/itaconate has a significant antioxidant effect.This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of IRG1/itaconate on dextran sulfate so-dium(DSS)-induced colitis in vivo and in vitro.In vivo experiments,we found IRG1/itaconate ex-erted protective effects against acute colitis by increasing mice weight,the length of colon,reducing disease activity index and colonic inflammation.Meanwhile,IRG1 deletion aggravated the macrophages/CD4+/CD8+T-cell accumulation,and increased the release of interleukin(IL)-1b,tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),IL-6,the activation of nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,and gasdermin D(GSDMD)mediated pyrop-tosis.Four-octyl itaconate(4-OI),a derivative of itaconate,attenuated these changes,therefore relieved DSS-induced colitis.In vitro experiment,we found 4-OI inhibited the reactive oxygen species production,thereby inhibiting the activation of MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 and murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages.Simultaneously,we found 4-OI inhib-ited caspase1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis to reduce the release of cytokines.Finally,we found anti-TNF-a agent reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis and inhibited gasdermin E(GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis in vivo.Meanwhile,our study revealed that 4-OI inhibited caspase3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis induced by TNF-a in vitro.Taken together,IRG1/itaconate exerted a pro-tective role in DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting inflammatory response and GSDMD/GSDME-medi-ated pyroptosis,which could be a promising candidate for IBD therapy.
文摘Guest editorial The emerging applications,suchas Augmented and Virtual Realities(AR/VR),InternetofThings(IoT),4K/8Kstreaming,raisestrongrequirementsto movecomputationfrom thecloudtotheedgestobecloser tousers.There are tremendous possibilities for the network edge,which may includeavariety ofentities,such as small datacenters,end devices,and resource-abundant network nodes.These together provide the network computation and intelligence to users.
基金supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(USA)(CA226303 to TCH,DE030480 to RRR)supported in part by The University of Chicago Cancer Center Support Grant(P30CA014599)+1 种基金the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health(USA)(No.5UL1TR002389)supported by the Mabel Green Myers Research Endowment Fund and The University of Chicago Orthopaedics Alumni Fund(USA).
文摘Adult neurogenesis occurs in two specialized regions of the mammalian brain,the subventricular zone(SVZ)and the subgranular zone(SGZ)of the dentate gyrus(DG).^(1)Adult hippocampal neural stem cells(NSCs),referred to as Type 1 cells represented by radial glia-like cells(RGLs),generate Type 2 cells that are divided into Type 2a and Type 2 b subpopulations,the latter of which give rise to Type 3 cells(neuroblasts).
基金The work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61972371,U19B2023 and U19B2044the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.Y202093.
文摘Software-defined networking (SDN) decouples the data and control planes. However, attackers can lead catastrophic results to the whole network using manipulated flooding packets, called the data-to-control-plane saturation attacks. The existing methods, using centralized mitigation policies and ignoring the buffered attack flows, involve extra network entities and make benign traffic suffer from long network recovery delays. For these purposes, we propose LFSDM, a saturation attack detection and mitigation system, which solves these challenges by leveraging three new techniques: 1) using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and extracting a novel feature called control channel occupation rate (CCOR) to detect the attacks, 2) adopting the distributed mitigation agents to reduce the number of involved network entities and, 3) cleaning up the buffered attack flows to enable fast recovery. Experiments show that our system can detect the attacks timely and accurately. More importantly, compared with the previous work, we save 81% of the network recovery delay under attacks ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 packets per second (PPS) on average, and 87% of the network recovery delay under higher attack rates with PPS ranging from 5,000 to 30,000.