Sugar beet leaves are the major crop waste from sugar beet production, while the unused leaves contain a high number of sugars and polysaccharides. The effects of different enzyme products (cellulase, Cellic CTec2;xyl...Sugar beet leaves are the major crop waste from sugar beet production, while the unused leaves contain a high number of sugars and polysaccharides. The effects of different enzyme products (cellulase, Cellic CTec2;xylanase, Cellic HTec2;and pectinase, Pectinex Ultra SPL) were determined during high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves at 10% total solids (TS) content. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of enzyme loadings during the hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves for producing fermentable sugars. It was found that both cellulases and pectinases are important enzymes for the hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves. Enzyme loading and reaction time were important factors. Based on the amount of sugars released, a maximum sugar conversion of 82% was achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis using 30 filter paper unit (FPU) g-1 glucan for cellulase and 150 polygalacturonase unit (PGU) g-1 polygalacturonic acid for pectinase, or 37 FPU g-1 glucan for cellulase and 100 PGU g-1 polygalacturonic acid for pectinase. The corresponding sugar yield and sugar concentration were 0.35 g·g-1 TS, and 35 g·l-1, respectively. Sugar conversion ranged from 59% - 70%, 68% - 80%, and 74% - 82% after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of hydrolysis depending on the design conditions.展开更多
In order to find a way to get locomotion movement class discrimination by EMGfeatures during different walking speed or walking conditions (walking on flat ground,slope assenting or slope descending), a set of experim...In order to find a way to get locomotion movement class discrimination by EMGfeatures during different walking speed or walking conditions (walking on flat ground,slope assenting or slope descending), a set of experiments were carried out. The EMGfeature vector obtained from several different methods were used to recognize the walkingpattern. The weighted distance was employed as the index to assign a EMG pattern toclassified locomotion. The recognition results show that the prospect of application of thefeature vector is attractive.展开更多
The treatment of PML/RARA+acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide(ATRA/ATO)has been recognized as a model for translational medicine research.Though an altered microenvironme...The treatment of PML/RARA+acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide(ATRA/ATO)has been recognized as a model for translational medicine research.Though an altered microenvironment is a general cancer hallmark,how APL blasts shape their plasma composition is poorly understood.Here,we reported a cross-sectional correlation network to interpret multilayered datasets on clinical parameters,proteomes,and metabolomes of paired plasma samples from patients with APL before or after ATRA/ATO induction therapy.Our study revealed the two prominent features of the APL plasma,suggesting a possible involvement of APL blasts in modulating plasma composition.One was characterized by altered secretory protein and metabolite profiles correlating with heightened proliferation and energy consumption in APL blasts,and the other featured APL plasma-enriched proteins or enzymes catalyzing plasma-altered metabolites that were potential trans-regulatory targets of PML/RARA.Furthermore,results indicated heightened interferon-gamma signaling characterizing a tumor-suppressing function of the immune system at the first hematological complete remission stage,which likely resulted from therapy-induced cell death or senescence and ensuing supraphysiological levels of intracellular proteins.Overall,our work sheds new light on the pathophysiology and treatment of APL and provides an information-rich reference data cohort for the exploratory and translational study of leukemia microenvironment.展开更多
Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol is significantly hindered by the structural and chemical complexity of biomass,which makes these materials a challenge to be used as feedstocks for cellulosic ethano...Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol is significantly hindered by the structural and chemical complexity of biomass,which makes these materials a challenge to be used as feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production.Cellulose and hemicellulose,when hydrolyzed into their component sugars,can be converted into ethanol through well established fermentation technologies.However,sugars necessary for fermentation are trapped inside the crosslinking structure of the lignocellulose.Hence,pretreatment of biomass is always necessary to remove and/or modify the surrounding matrix of lignin and hemicellulose prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides(cellulose and hemicellulose)in the biomass.Pretreatment refers to a process that converts lignocellulosic biomass from its native form,in which it is recalcitrant to cellulase enzyme systems,into a form for which cellulose hydrolysis is much more effective.In general,pretreatment methods can be classified into three categories,including physical,chemical,and biological pretreatment.The subject of this paper emphasizes the biomass pretreatment in preparation for enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production.It primarily covers the impact of biomass structural and compositional features on the pretreatment,the characteristics of different pretreatment methods,the pretreatment study status,challenges,and future research targets.展开更多
Five types of food wastes were investigated as feedstock for a potential centralized anaerobic digester system in the area of Sacramento,California to produce biogas energy.The wastes were from a soup processing plant...Five types of food wastes were investigated as feedstock for a potential centralized anaerobic digester system in the area of Sacramento,California to produce biogas energy.The wastes were from a soup processing plant,a cafeteria,a commercial kitchen,a fish farm,and grease trap collection service.Digestibilities of the food wastes,individually and in mixtures,were conducted at mesophilic(35℃)and thermophilic(50℃)temperatures and at two food to microorganism ratios(F/M)of 0.5 and 1.0,for 28 days.A continuously fed mesophilic single-stage anaerobic digester was evaluated using a mixture of the five food wastes at organic loading rates of 0.5 to 1.0 g VS/L/d.In the batch digestion tests,fish and grease trap wastes required longer time to complete the digestion and had higher biogas yields than the other wastes.The continuously-fed digester required the addition of sodium hydroxide to maintain pH at proper levels in the digester.Alkalinity of about 2,500 mg CaCO3/L and pH above 7 was maintained by adding 0.2 g NaOH/g VS.The results of this study indicated that it was necessary to use the chemicals,such as NaOH,to control the pH of the single-stage anaerobic digester treating the food waste.For commercial applications,the cost of chemicals and proper management of additional salts in the digester effluent need to be carefully considered.展开更多
It has been well recognized that the development and use of artificial materials with high osteogenic ability is one of the most promising means to replace bone grafting that has exhibited various negative effects.The...It has been well recognized that the development and use of artificial materials with high osteogenic ability is one of the most promising means to replace bone grafting that has exhibited various negative effects.The biomimetic features and unique physiochemical properties of nanomaterials play important roles in stimulating cellular functions and guiding tissue regeneration.But efficacy degree of some nanomaterials to promote specific tissue formation is still not clear.We hereby comparatively studied the osteogenic ability of our treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MCNTs)and the main inorganic mineral component of natural bone,nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)in the same system,and tried to tell the related mechanism.In vitro culture of human adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(HASCs)on the MCNTs and nHA demonstrated that although there was no significant difference in the cell adhesion amount between on the MCNTs and nHA,the cell attachment strength and proliferation on the MCNTs were better.Most importantly,the MCNTs could induce osteogenic differentiation of the HASCs better than the nHA,the possible mechanism of which was found to be that the MCNTs could activate Notch involved signaling pathways by concentrating more proteins,including specific bone-inducing ones.Moreover,the MCNTs could induce ectopic bone formation in vivo while the nHA could not,which might be because MCNTs could stimulate inducible cells in tissues to form inductive bone better than nHA by concentrating more proteins including specific bone-inducing ones secreted from M2 macrophages.Therefore,MCNTs might be more effective materials for accelerating bone formation even than nHA.展开更多
The rapid growth of human civilizations has 1ed to imminent pressures to develop new food products with increased nutitiona1 characteristics and decreased environmenta1 footprints.Filamentous fungi,a class of microorg...The rapid growth of human civilizations has 1ed to imminent pressures to develop new food products with increased nutitiona1 characteristics and decreased environmenta1 footprints.Filamentous fungi,a class of microorganisms that have been utilized in a wide variety of foods for thousands of years,have recently gamered widespread attention in research communities and commercia1 ventures seeking to explore new and innovative applications in a diverse aray of food products including,but not 1imited to,their more established applications as alterative proteins.Technological advances in the cultivation and processing of flamentous fungi have created new frontiers in the control of textures,flavors,and nutritional properties of fungi-based foods.This review highlights technological advances in the production of fungi-based foods from cultivation to product manufacturing,presents the current state of the ant in fungi-based food products,and offters thoughts on their future trajectories.Emphasis is given to circular bioprocessing concepts for the sustainable utilization of agricultural and food processing byproducts.展开更多
Current agronomic improving treatments for soil salinization are faced with challenges of heavy workload,high cost,etc.,which may seriously restrict agricultural productivity and sustainability on a large scale.Aerato...Current agronomic improving treatments for soil salinization are faced with challenges of heavy workload,high cost,etc.,which may seriously restrict agricultural productivity and sustainability on a large scale.Aerator has been applied to loosen soil and enhance soil permeability.In this research,aiming to realize vertically aerating,an aerator with a five-bar aerating mechanism was proposed to improve the aerating performance for saline-alkali land.The five-bar structure of aerating mechanism was designed based on analysis of the aerator on saline-alkali land.The kinematic model was established to describe the aerating process,and the key parameters of the aerating mechanism were obtained by satisfying the motion trajectory conditions.Subsequently,the related parameters were optimized by a simulated annealing method.Furthermore,numerical modeling was simulated to verify the perpendicularity performance after aerating head hitting into the soil.The simulation results indicated that the optimized five-bar aerating mechanism could decrease swinging extreme value by 24%compared with the initial parameters.Finally,the physical prototype of the aerator was tested in the field and performed as expected,producing<7 mm depth tolerances and<3.3°angle tolerances,which met the design requirement.展开更多
The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels...The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels due to its cleanliness and renewability.In this study,vegetable wastes(VWs),an abundant kind of biomass resource,were treated by anaerobic digestion(AD)to be converted into methane.The total solids(TS),volatile solids(VS),elemental contents,and organic components of 17 kinds of typical VWs were systematically determined.The methane production performances were then measured and ranged from 120.1 mL/g VS(for pepper stem)to 377.7 mL/g VS(for bok choy).To easily and quickly predict the methane yields of VWs,a curvilinear relationship between different organic compositions(e.g.,cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin,non-structural carbohydrate,protein,and VFA contents)and methane production was established and proved to be a useful tool for methane prediction.Four kinetic models(first-order model,Fitzhugh model,Cone model,modified Gompertz model)were applied to simulate the process of AD,and Cone and modified Gompertz models were shown to describe the AD process well.This study will not only provide basic data about the characteristics and methane production of 17 kinds of VWs but also contribute a method for predicting the methane yields of vegetable wastes,which is also valuable in future agro-industrial applications.展开更多
Effects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment on the reduction of gaseous emissions from dairy manure storages were evaluated in this study.Screened dairy manure containing 3.5%volatile solids(VS)was either ana...Effects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment on the reduction of gaseous emissions from dairy manure storages were evaluated in this study.Screened dairy manure containing 3.5%volatile solids(VS)was either anaerobically digested or aerobically treated prior to storage in air-tight vessels.Anaerobic digestion was carried out using a mesophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor operated at a hydraulic retention time of 20 days and an organic loading rate(OLR)of 1 gVS/L/day.Aerobic treatment was achieved using an aerobic reactor operated at a hydraulic retention time(HRT)of 10 days and an OLR of 2 gVS/(L·d).The treated manure was put into the storage on a daily basis for a period of 180 days.All the gases produced during this period were captured and analyzed for methane,carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Untreated manure was stored and analyzed in the same way as the treated manure and used as a control for comparison.The results show that low amounts of gases were produced during the first 84 days of storage in both treated and untreated manure,but increased significantly after this time point.The generally expected positive impacts of anaerobic and aerobic treatment on the reductions of methane and VOCs were confirmed in this study.However,the effects of anaerobic and aerobic treatment varied over the time of storage,especially for VOCs.The results of this study indicate that to achieve significant reductions in VOC emission the storage time of anaerobic digester or aerobic reactor effluent should be limited to no more than 100 days.展开更多
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase(CRL)-4 is a member of the large CRL family in eukaryotes.It plays important roles in a wide range of cellular processes,organismal development,and physiological and pathological conditi...Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase(CRL)-4 is a member of the large CRL family in eukaryotes.It plays important roles in a wide range of cellular processes,organismal development,and physiological and pathological conditions.DDB1-and CUL4-associated factor 8(DCAF8)is a WD40 repeat-containing protein,which serves as a substrate receptor for CRL4.The physiological role of DCAF8 is unknown.In this study,we constructed Dcaf8 knockout mice.Homozygous mice were viable with no noticeable abnormalities.However,the fertility of Dcaf8-deficient male mice was markedly impaired,consistent with the high expression of DCAF8 in adult mouse testis.Sperm movement characteristics,including progressive motility,path velocity,progressive velocity,and track speed,were significantly lower in Dcaf8 knockout mice than in wild-type(WT)mice.However,the total motility was similar between WT and Dcaf8 knockout sperm.More than 40%of spermatids in Dcaf8 knockout mice showed pronounced morphological abnormalities with typical bent head malformation.The acrosome and nucleus of Dcaf8 knockout sperm looked similar to those of WT sperm.In vitro tests showed that the fertilization rate of Dcaf8 knockout mice was significantly reduced.The results demonstrated that DCAF8 plays a critical role in spermatogenesis,and DCAF8 is a key component of CRL4 function in the reproductive system.展开更多
文摘Sugar beet leaves are the major crop waste from sugar beet production, while the unused leaves contain a high number of sugars and polysaccharides. The effects of different enzyme products (cellulase, Cellic CTec2;xylanase, Cellic HTec2;and pectinase, Pectinex Ultra SPL) were determined during high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves at 10% total solids (TS) content. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of enzyme loadings during the hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves for producing fermentable sugars. It was found that both cellulases and pectinases are important enzymes for the hydrolysis of sugar beet leaves. Enzyme loading and reaction time were important factors. Based on the amount of sugars released, a maximum sugar conversion of 82% was achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis using 30 filter paper unit (FPU) g-1 glucan for cellulase and 150 polygalacturonase unit (PGU) g-1 polygalacturonic acid for pectinase, or 37 FPU g-1 glucan for cellulase and 100 PGU g-1 polygalacturonic acid for pectinase. The corresponding sugar yield and sugar concentration were 0.35 g·g-1 TS, and 35 g·l-1, respectively. Sugar conversion ranged from 59% - 70%, 68% - 80%, and 74% - 82% after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of hydrolysis depending on the design conditions.
文摘In order to find a way to get locomotion movement class discrimination by EMGfeatures during different walking speed or walking conditions (walking on flat ground,slope assenting or slope descending), a set of experiments were carried out. The EMGfeature vector obtained from several different methods were used to recognize the walkingpattern. The weighted distance was employed as the index to assign a EMG pattern toclassified locomotion. The recognition results show that the prospect of application of thefeature vector is attractive.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics,the Double First-Class Project(No.WF510162602)from the Ministry of Educationthe Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Program on Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research(No.2019CXJQ01)+5 种基金the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(111 Project,No.B17029)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82230006 and 32170663)the Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Hematological disease(No.19MC1910700)the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center(No.SHDC2020CR5002)the Shanghai Major Project for Clinical Medicine(No.2017ZZ01002)the Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai and the Yangfan Program of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.22YF1425500)。
文摘The treatment of PML/RARA+acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide(ATRA/ATO)has been recognized as a model for translational medicine research.Though an altered microenvironment is a general cancer hallmark,how APL blasts shape their plasma composition is poorly understood.Here,we reported a cross-sectional correlation network to interpret multilayered datasets on clinical parameters,proteomes,and metabolomes of paired plasma samples from patients with APL before or after ATRA/ATO induction therapy.Our study revealed the two prominent features of the APL plasma,suggesting a possible involvement of APL blasts in modulating plasma composition.One was characterized by altered secretory protein and metabolite profiles correlating with heightened proliferation and energy consumption in APL blasts,and the other featured APL plasma-enriched proteins or enzymes catalyzing plasma-altered metabolites that were potential trans-regulatory targets of PML/RARA.Furthermore,results indicated heightened interferon-gamma signaling characterizing a tumor-suppressing function of the immune system at the first hematological complete remission stage,which likely resulted from therapy-induced cell death or senescence and ensuing supraphysiological levels of intracellular proteins.Overall,our work sheds new light on the pathophysiology and treatment of APL and provides an information-rich reference data cohort for the exploratory and translational study of leukemia microenvironment.
文摘Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol is significantly hindered by the structural and chemical complexity of biomass,which makes these materials a challenge to be used as feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production.Cellulose and hemicellulose,when hydrolyzed into their component sugars,can be converted into ethanol through well established fermentation technologies.However,sugars necessary for fermentation are trapped inside the crosslinking structure of the lignocellulose.Hence,pretreatment of biomass is always necessary to remove and/or modify the surrounding matrix of lignin and hemicellulose prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides(cellulose and hemicellulose)in the biomass.Pretreatment refers to a process that converts lignocellulosic biomass from its native form,in which it is recalcitrant to cellulase enzyme systems,into a form for which cellulose hydrolysis is much more effective.In general,pretreatment methods can be classified into three categories,including physical,chemical,and biological pretreatment.The subject of this paper emphasizes the biomass pretreatment in preparation for enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production.It primarily covers the impact of biomass structural and compositional features on the pretreatment,the characteristics of different pretreatment methods,the pretreatment study status,challenges,and future research targets.
文摘Five types of food wastes were investigated as feedstock for a potential centralized anaerobic digester system in the area of Sacramento,California to produce biogas energy.The wastes were from a soup processing plant,a cafeteria,a commercial kitchen,a fish farm,and grease trap collection service.Digestibilities of the food wastes,individually and in mixtures,were conducted at mesophilic(35℃)and thermophilic(50℃)temperatures and at two food to microorganism ratios(F/M)of 0.5 and 1.0,for 28 days.A continuously fed mesophilic single-stage anaerobic digester was evaluated using a mixture of the five food wastes at organic loading rates of 0.5 to 1.0 g VS/L/d.In the batch digestion tests,fish and grease trap wastes required longer time to complete the digestion and had higher biogas yields than the other wastes.The continuously-fed digester required the addition of sodium hydroxide to maintain pH at proper levels in the digester.Alkalinity of about 2,500 mg CaCO3/L and pH above 7 was maintained by adding 0.2 g NaOH/g VS.The results of this study indicated that it was necessary to use the chemicals,such as NaOH,to control the pH of the single-stage anaerobic digester treating the food waste.For commercial applications,the cost of chemicals and proper management of additional salts in the digester effluent need to be carefully considered.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31771042)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(No.141039)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing Tsinghua University,Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education(No.2020AML10)International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,and the 111 Project(No.B13003).
文摘It has been well recognized that the development and use of artificial materials with high osteogenic ability is one of the most promising means to replace bone grafting that has exhibited various negative effects.The biomimetic features and unique physiochemical properties of nanomaterials play important roles in stimulating cellular functions and guiding tissue regeneration.But efficacy degree of some nanomaterials to promote specific tissue formation is still not clear.We hereby comparatively studied the osteogenic ability of our treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MCNTs)and the main inorganic mineral component of natural bone,nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)in the same system,and tried to tell the related mechanism.In vitro culture of human adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(HASCs)on the MCNTs and nHA demonstrated that although there was no significant difference in the cell adhesion amount between on the MCNTs and nHA,the cell attachment strength and proliferation on the MCNTs were better.Most importantly,the MCNTs could induce osteogenic differentiation of the HASCs better than the nHA,the possible mechanism of which was found to be that the MCNTs could activate Notch involved signaling pathways by concentrating more proteins,including specific bone-inducing ones.Moreover,the MCNTs could induce ectopic bone formation in vivo while the nHA could not,which might be because MCNTs could stimulate inducible cells in tissues to form inductive bone better than nHA by concentrating more proteins including specific bone-inducing ones secreted from M2 macrophages.Therefore,MCNTs might be more effective materials for accelerating bone formation even than nHA.
文摘The rapid growth of human civilizations has 1ed to imminent pressures to develop new food products with increased nutitiona1 characteristics and decreased environmenta1 footprints.Filamentous fungi,a class of microorganisms that have been utilized in a wide variety of foods for thousands of years,have recently gamered widespread attention in research communities and commercia1 ventures seeking to explore new and innovative applications in a diverse aray of food products including,but not 1imited to,their more established applications as alterative proteins.Technological advances in the cultivation and processing of flamentous fungi have created new frontiers in the control of textures,flavors,and nutritional properties of fungi-based foods.This review highlights technological advances in the production of fungi-based foods from cultivation to product manufacturing,presents the current state of the ant in fungi-based food products,and offters thoughts on their future trajectories.Emphasis is given to circular bioprocessing concepts for the sustainable utilization of agricultural and food processing byproducts.
基金This work was supported by the Interdisciplinary Project of Yangzhou University Crop Science Special Zone(Grant No.yzuxk202007)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.20KJB416008)+4 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BE2020319)the Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment and Technology Demonstration and Promotion Project(Grant No.NJ2020-17)the Program for Innovative Research Team in Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT13039)the Taizhou Science and Technology Infrastructure Program(Grant No.TN201913)and the Nanjing Science and Technology Program(Grant No.201805062).
文摘Current agronomic improving treatments for soil salinization are faced with challenges of heavy workload,high cost,etc.,which may seriously restrict agricultural productivity and sustainability on a large scale.Aerator has been applied to loosen soil and enhance soil permeability.In this research,aiming to realize vertically aerating,an aerator with a five-bar aerating mechanism was proposed to improve the aerating performance for saline-alkali land.The five-bar structure of aerating mechanism was designed based on analysis of the aerator on saline-alkali land.The kinematic model was established to describe the aerating process,and the key parameters of the aerating mechanism were obtained by satisfying the motion trajectory conditions.Subsequently,the related parameters were optimized by a simulated annealing method.Furthermore,numerical modeling was simulated to verify the perpendicularity performance after aerating head hitting into the soil.The simulation results indicated that the optimized five-bar aerating mechanism could decrease swinging extreme value by 24%compared with the initial parameters.Finally,the physical prototype of the aerator was tested in the field and performed as expected,producing<7 mm depth tolerances and<3.3°angle tolerances,which met the design requirement.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0800801).
文摘The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels due to its cleanliness and renewability.In this study,vegetable wastes(VWs),an abundant kind of biomass resource,were treated by anaerobic digestion(AD)to be converted into methane.The total solids(TS),volatile solids(VS),elemental contents,and organic components of 17 kinds of typical VWs were systematically determined.The methane production performances were then measured and ranged from 120.1 mL/g VS(for pepper stem)to 377.7 mL/g VS(for bok choy).To easily and quickly predict the methane yields of VWs,a curvilinear relationship between different organic compositions(e.g.,cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin,non-structural carbohydrate,protein,and VFA contents)and methane production was established and proved to be a useful tool for methane prediction.Four kinetic models(first-order model,Fitzhugh model,Cone model,modified Gompertz model)were applied to simulate the process of AD,and Cone and modified Gompertz models were shown to describe the AD process well.This study will not only provide basic data about the characteristics and methane production of 17 kinds of VWs but also contribute a method for predicting the methane yields of vegetable wastes,which is also valuable in future agro-industrial applications.
基金This research was supported in part by a research grant from the California Environmental Protection Agency,State Water Resources Control Board,and the Merced County Department of Environmental Health,by the U.S.Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,National Program 108by the Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of California,Davis.
文摘Effects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment on the reduction of gaseous emissions from dairy manure storages were evaluated in this study.Screened dairy manure containing 3.5%volatile solids(VS)was either anaerobically digested or aerobically treated prior to storage in air-tight vessels.Anaerobic digestion was carried out using a mesophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor operated at a hydraulic retention time of 20 days and an organic loading rate(OLR)of 1 gVS/L/day.Aerobic treatment was achieved using an aerobic reactor operated at a hydraulic retention time(HRT)of 10 days and an OLR of 2 gVS/(L·d).The treated manure was put into the storage on a daily basis for a period of 180 days.All the gases produced during this period were captured and analyzed for methane,carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Untreated manure was stored and analyzed in the same way as the treated manure and used as a control for comparison.The results show that low amounts of gases were produced during the first 84 days of storage in both treated and untreated manure,but increased significantly after this time point.The generally expected positive impacts of anaerobic and aerobic treatment on the reductions of methane and VOCs were confirmed in this study.However,the effects of anaerobic and aerobic treatment varied over the time of storage,especially for VOCs.The results of this study indicate that to achieve significant reductions in VOC emission the storage time of anaerobic digester or aerobic reactor effluent should be limited to no more than 100 days.
基金the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.8153006 and 81870112 to Ruibao Ren,No.81970134 to Ping Liu)Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(No.18ZR1423600 to Ruibao Ren)+1 种基金Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Program on Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research(No.2019CXJQ01 to Ruibao Ren)the Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation and Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai(to Ruibao Ren).
文摘Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase(CRL)-4 is a member of the large CRL family in eukaryotes.It plays important roles in a wide range of cellular processes,organismal development,and physiological and pathological conditions.DDB1-and CUL4-associated factor 8(DCAF8)is a WD40 repeat-containing protein,which serves as a substrate receptor for CRL4.The physiological role of DCAF8 is unknown.In this study,we constructed Dcaf8 knockout mice.Homozygous mice were viable with no noticeable abnormalities.However,the fertility of Dcaf8-deficient male mice was markedly impaired,consistent with the high expression of DCAF8 in adult mouse testis.Sperm movement characteristics,including progressive motility,path velocity,progressive velocity,and track speed,were significantly lower in Dcaf8 knockout mice than in wild-type(WT)mice.However,the total motility was similar between WT and Dcaf8 knockout sperm.More than 40%of spermatids in Dcaf8 knockout mice showed pronounced morphological abnormalities with typical bent head malformation.The acrosome and nucleus of Dcaf8 knockout sperm looked similar to those of WT sperm.In vitro tests showed that the fertilization rate of Dcaf8 knockout mice was significantly reduced.The results demonstrated that DCAF8 plays a critical role in spermatogenesis,and DCAF8 is a key component of CRL4 function in the reproductive system.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0902800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81230055 and 81530006 to Ruibao Ren), and the Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foudation Co-PI Program. We thank Huanbin Zhao, Min Wu, Chun Zhang, Mingzhu Liu, Zhangsen Huang, and Lingyun Tang for technical assistance.