Regional Flow in the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Seismic tomography reveals an “R-shape” regional flow constrained between the depths of 50 to 80 km in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau (STP) which demonstrates some of the differences revealed by the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings in some areas. The “R-shape” flow could be present in both the lower crust and uppermost mantle, but not in the lower crust above the Moho discontinuity. Lateral flow has been imaged under the Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganzi blocks while two channel flows have been revealed beneath the south part of the STP with the eastward lateral flow from the Qiangtang block separating into two channel flows. One branch turns southwards at the south Qiangtang block, along the Bangong-Nujiang fault reaching to the Indochina block, and another is across the Songpan-Ganzi block (fold system) which then separates into northward and southward parts. The northward branch is along the edge of the north Sichuan basin reaching to the Qingling fault and the southward channel turns south along the Anninghe fault, then turns eastward along the margins of the south Sichuan basin. Our study suggests that the crustal deformation along the deep, large sutures (such as the Longmen Shan fault zone) is maintained by dynamic pressure from the regional flow intermingled with the hot upwelling asthenosphere. The material in the lower crust and uppermost mantle flowing outward from the center of the plateau is buttressed by the old, strong lithosphere that underlies the Sichuan basin, pushing up on the crust above and maintaining steep topography through dynamic pressure. We therefore consider that the “R-shape” regional flow played a key role in the crustal deformation along the deep suture zones of the Bangong-Nujiang, the Longmen-Shan faults, and other local heavily faulted zones.

Surface Rupture and Hazard of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, Sichuan, China

Longmen Shan is located the special joint between the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the west and the Yangtze craton in the east. Consisting of a series of parallel imbricated thrust, it develops, from the west to the east, the Maoxian-Wenchuan, Yingxiu-Beichuan and Pengxian-Guanxian faults. Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is a thrust with strike-slip type, and surface ruptures are located in Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone and Peng- xian-Guanxian fault zone. Based on the geological background, tectonic setting, the active tectonics of Long- men Shan and surface ruptures of the Wenchuan earthquake, a dynamical model to illustrate possible links between surface processes and upward extrusion of lower crustal flow channel at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau have been studied, and the results is the material in lower crust in the Longmen Shan moving as nearly-vertical extrusion and uplift, resulting in the surface rate of tectonic movement differing according to depth rate as well as the occurrence of large shallow Wenchuan earthquake.

2008年汶川地震触发滑坡量大于造山作用生长量

浅源地震是山区地壳抬升的主要驱动力（Avouac，2008）。然而，浅源大地震也触发大范围的同震滑坡，造成显著、但在空间上不均匀的侵蚀（Keefer，1994；Malamud et al，2004；Larsen et al，2010）。因此地壳抬升与同震滑坡的分布及规模间的相互作用就引发了一个根本的问题，即大地震及其相关的滑坡是创生还是消毁了山区地形。2008年中国四川Mw7．9汶川地震触发了超过56000处滑坡（Dai et al，2011），其空间分布仅仅部分与构造变形样式有关（Shen et al，2009）。通过将滑坡面积一体积标度关系（Larsen et al，2010；Guzzetti et al，2009）应用于高分辨率卫星影像，我们仔细检查了造山方量的潜在变化。我们估计，同震滑坡产生了约5～15km^3的可侵蚀物质，大于2．6±1．2km^3（deMichele et al，2010）的同震地壳抬升净方量。这种差异表明，在可能的2000-4000年的地震复发周期中（Shen et al，2009），即使只有小部分滑坡物质从造山带中运移走，汶川地震也会在龙门山导致物质净亏损。我们的结果对长期以来广泛持有的大倾滑或走滑地震能造山的观点提出了挑战，并希望引起对同震滑移、滑坡量与地形生成之间的关系更多的思考研究。

A Comparative Study of Supervised Classification Methods for Investigating Landslide Evolution in the Mianyuan River Basin,China

The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 2008 dramatically changed the terrain surface and caused long-term increases in the scale and frequency of landslides and debris flows.The changing trend of landslides in the earthquake-affected area over the decade since the earthquake remains largely unknown.In this study,we were able to address this issue using supervised classification methods and multitemporal remote sensing images to study landslide evolution in the worst-affected area(Mianyuan River Basin)over a period of ten years.Satellite images were processed using the maximum likelihood method and random forest algorithm to automatically map landslide occurrence from 2007 to 2018.The principal findings are as follows:(1)when compared with visual image analysis,the random forest algorithm had a good average accuracy rate of 87%for landslide identification;(2)postevent landslide occurrence has generally decreased with time,but heavy monsoonal seasons have caused temporary spikes in activity;and(3)the postearthquake landslide activity in the Mianyuan River Basin can be divided into a strong activity period(2008 to 2011),medium activity period(2012 to 2016),and weak activity period(post 2017).Landslide activity remains above the prequake level,with damaging events being rare but continuing to occur.Long-term remote sensing and on-site monitoring are required to understand the evolution of landslide activity after strong earthquakes.