Soluble microbial products(SMPs),dissolved organic matter excreted by activated sludge,can interact with antibiotics in wastewater and natural water bodies.Interactions between SMPs and antibiotics can influence antib...Soluble microbial products(SMPs),dissolved organic matter excreted by activated sludge,can interact with antibiotics in wastewater and natural water bodies.Interactions between SMPs and antibiotics can influence antibiotic migration,transformation,and toxicity but the mechanisms involved in such interactions are not fully understood.In this study,integrated spectroscopy approaches were used to investigate the mechanisms involved in interactions between SMPs and a representative antibiotic,trimethoprim(TMP),which has a low biodegradation rate and has been detected in wastewater.The results of liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection-organic nitrogen detection indicated that the SMPs used in the study contained 15% biopolymers and 28% humic-like substances(based on the total dissolved organic carbon concentration)so would have contained sites that could interact with TMP.A linear relationship of fluorescent intensities of tryptophan protein-like substances in SMP was observed(R^(2)>0.99),indicating that the fluorescence enhancement between SMP and TMP occurred.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that carboxyl,carbonyl,and hydroxyl groups were the main functional groups involved in the interactions.The electrostatic andπ-πinteractions were discovered by the UV-vis spectra and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.Structural representations of the interactions between representative SMP subcomponents and TMP were calculated using density functional theory,and the results confirmed the conclusions drawn from the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.The results help characterize SMP–TMP complexes and will help understand antibiotic transformations in wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for engineering functional tissues and organs by layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials,living cells,and biochemical components....Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for engineering functional tissues and organs by layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials,living cells,and biochemical components.Compared with nonbiological printing,3D bioprinting involves additional complexities and technical challenges owing to the processing of living cells,such as the appropriate biomaterials that fulfill the requirements for both printability and functionality.In this review,we first introduce the development course of 3D bioprinting,highlighting innovative forms of living building blocks and advances in enabling techniques of 3D bioprinting.We then summarize the state-of-the-art advancements in 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications,including macroscale tissue or organ bioprinting,disease modeling,microphysiological systems,biobots,and bioprinting in space.Despite the rapid development of 3D bioprinting over the past decades,most 3D bioprinted tissue or organ constructs are still far from being suitable for clinical translation,and it is necessary for the field of bioprinting to shift its focus from shape mimicking towards functionality development.Therefore,we provide our perspectives on this burgeoning field with an emphasis on functional maturation post printing and translational applications at the bedside.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51878244 and 52170032)the the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. B200202101)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), China
文摘Soluble microbial products(SMPs),dissolved organic matter excreted by activated sludge,can interact with antibiotics in wastewater and natural water bodies.Interactions between SMPs and antibiotics can influence antibiotic migration,transformation,and toxicity but the mechanisms involved in such interactions are not fully understood.In this study,integrated spectroscopy approaches were used to investigate the mechanisms involved in interactions between SMPs and a representative antibiotic,trimethoprim(TMP),which has a low biodegradation rate and has been detected in wastewater.The results of liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection-organic nitrogen detection indicated that the SMPs used in the study contained 15% biopolymers and 28% humic-like substances(based on the total dissolved organic carbon concentration)so would have contained sites that could interact with TMP.A linear relationship of fluorescent intensities of tryptophan protein-like substances in SMP was observed(R^(2)>0.99),indicating that the fluorescence enhancement between SMP and TMP occurred.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that carboxyl,carbonyl,and hydroxyl groups were the main functional groups involved in the interactions.The electrostatic andπ-πinteractions were discovered by the UV-vis spectra and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.Structural representations of the interactions between representative SMP subcomponents and TMP were calculated using density functional theory,and the results confirmed the conclusions drawn from the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.The results help characterize SMP–TMP complexes and will help understand antibiotic transformations in wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20394)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0703004)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105306)New Faculty Start-up Funding Provided by Tsinghua University(Grant No.012-53330200421,L.O.)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021TQ0184).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for engineering functional tissues and organs by layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials,living cells,and biochemical components.Compared with nonbiological printing,3D bioprinting involves additional complexities and technical challenges owing to the processing of living cells,such as the appropriate biomaterials that fulfill the requirements for both printability and functionality.In this review,we first introduce the development course of 3D bioprinting,highlighting innovative forms of living building blocks and advances in enabling techniques of 3D bioprinting.We then summarize the state-of-the-art advancements in 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications,including macroscale tissue or organ bioprinting,disease modeling,microphysiological systems,biobots,and bioprinting in space.Despite the rapid development of 3D bioprinting over the past decades,most 3D bioprinted tissue or organ constructs are still far from being suitable for clinical translation,and it is necessary for the field of bioprinting to shift its focus from shape mimicking towards functionality development.Therefore,we provide our perspectives on this burgeoning field with an emphasis on functional maturation post printing and translational applications at the bedside.
