IL2-inducible T-cell Kinase is Required for HBV-induced Type T Interferon Expression and Antiviral Response

Background and Aims:Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus(HBV),and is seen as a serious global health problem.HBV infection induces the expression of type I interferon(IFN),including IFN-αand IFN-β,which have anti-HBV activities,and have been used for HBV treatment.IL2-inducible T-cell kinase(ITK)is a tyrosine kinase,which regulates T-cell differentiation and activation,while its precise effects on type I IFN production during HBV infection remain unknown.Methods:We monitored the ITK expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)from healthy donors and patients with acute and chronic HBV infection.We used ITK inhibitor ibrutinib to treat hepatocytes and evaluated the type I IFN expression after HBV infection.We also administrated ibrutinib to mice and evaluated its effect on HBV infection in vivo.We generated ITK,suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1)knockout and ITK/SOCS1 double knockout cells using CRISPR,and monitored the HBV-induced type I IFN production.Results:ITK and type I IFN were upregulated in patients with acute HBV infection.Inhibition of ITK by ibrutinib suppressed HBVinduced expression of type I IFN mRNA in mice.ITK knockout cells had decreased IRF3 activation but promoted the expression of SOCS1.ITK negatively regulated SOSC1 expression.The down regulation of type I IFN in ITK knockout cells after HBV stimulation was abolished in the absence of SOCS1.Conclusions:ITK regulated HBV-induced expression of type I IFN mRNA by modulating SOCS1.

Comparative study on main compounds in Ginkgo biloba L. base on mathematical statistics

In this paper,an HPLC-DAD-ELSD method was developed to determine main 20 components of Ginkgo biloba L.leaves from different ages and sources,including six flavonol glycosides,five terpene lactones and nine organic acids.Using statistics method and establishing relevant mathematics models,the measured data has proceeded correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and regression statistics and the results showed generality and specific characteristics.We defined p-hydroxybenzoic acid,catechinic,KRcG and ginkgolide A as characteristic indexes representing commonness and speciality of Ginkgo biloba L.leaf.The four characteristic indexes can reflect the quality of Ginkgo biloba L.leaf,and the intermal relations between them are significant.The contents of other compounds could define the quantity relation with characteristic markers.It simplified the approach of quality control,and provided a basis for quality control of Ginkgo biloba L.

Error estimates of triangular mixed finite element methods for quasilinear optimal control problems

The goal of this paper is to study a mixed finite element approximation of the general convex optimal control problems governed by quasilinear elliptic partial differential equations. The state and co-state are approximated by the lowest order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element spaces and the control is approximated by piecewise constant functions. We derive a priori error estimates both for the state variables and the control variable. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.