This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi.It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Bipolaris,Boeremia,Botryosphaeria,Calonectria,Co...This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi.It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Bipolaris,Boeremia,Botryosphaeria,Calonectria,Coniella,Corticiaceae,Curvularia,Elsinoe,Entyloma,Erythricium,Fomitiporia,Fulviformes,Laetisaria,Limonomyces,Neofabraea,Neofusicoccum,Phaeoacremonium,Phellinotus,Phyllosticta,Plenodomus,Pseudopyricularia,Tilletia,Venturia and Waitea,using recent molecular data,up to date names and the latest taxonomic insights.For each genus a taxonomic background,diversity aspects,species identification and classification based on molecular phylogeny and recommended genetic markers are provided.In this study,varieties of the genus Boeremia have been elevated to species level.Botryosphaeria,Bipolaris,Curvularia,Neofusicoccum and Phyllosticta that were included in the One Stop Shop 1 paper are provided with updated entries,as many new species have been introduced to these genera.展开更多
Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification...Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification of discomycetes has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the important morphological characters,as well as a lack of reference strains.In this review,we provide a historical perspective of discomycetes,notes on their morphology(including both asexual and sexual morphs),ecology and importance,an outline of discomycete families and a synoptical cladogram of currently accepted families in Ascomycota showing their systematic position.We also calculated evolutionary divergence times for major discomycetous taxa based on phylogenetic relationships using a combined LSU,SSU and RPB2 data set from 175 strains and fossil data.Our results confirm that discomycetes are found in two major subphyla of the Ascomycota:Taphrinomycotina and Pezizomycotina.The taxonomic placement of major discomycete taxa is briefly discussed.The most basal group of discomycetes is the class Neolectomycetes,which diverged from other Taphrinomycotina around 417 MYA(216–572),and the most derived group of discomycetes,the class Lecanoromycetes,diverged from Eurotiomycetes around 340 MYA(282–414).Further clarifications based on type specimens,designation of epitypes or reference specimens from fresh collections,and multi-gene analyses are needed to determine the taxonomic arrangement of many discomycetes.展开更多
基金funded by the grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.31670027,31460011 and 30870009)the National Research Council of Thailand grants Thailands’Fungal Diversity,Solving Problems and Creating Biotechnological Products(Grant No.61201321016)+11 种基金Taxonomy,Diversity,Phylogeny and Evolution of fungi in Capnodiales(Grant No.61215320024)"the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracena species"(Grant No.DBG6080013)"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"(RDG6130001)Mae Fah Luang University and University of Mauritius for research supportthe support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013)Associacao Nordesta for field support,Capes-SIU(008/13)and Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Technologia de Pernambuco(FACEPE,APQ-0375-2.03/15)for financial supportthe Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Technologico(CNPq)(307601/2015-3 and 312186/2016-9)for scholarshipsthe University of Queensland Development Fellowships(UQFEL1718905)support from the Department of the Environment and Energy under the Australian Biological Resources Study(Grant No.RG18-43)the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD program under Thailand Research Fund for a personal grant(RGJ scholarship no.PHD/0002/2560)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:NSF31500017 to Huang Zhang)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2019PC0008)the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following grants:41761144055,41771063 and Y4ZK111B01.
文摘This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi.It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Bipolaris,Boeremia,Botryosphaeria,Calonectria,Coniella,Corticiaceae,Curvularia,Elsinoe,Entyloma,Erythricium,Fomitiporia,Fulviformes,Laetisaria,Limonomyces,Neofabraea,Neofusicoccum,Phaeoacremonium,Phellinotus,Phyllosticta,Plenodomus,Pseudopyricularia,Tilletia,Venturia and Waitea,using recent molecular data,up to date names and the latest taxonomic insights.For each genus a taxonomic background,diversity aspects,species identification and classification based on molecular phylogeny and recommended genetic markers are provided.In this study,varieties of the genus Boeremia have been elevated to species level.Botryosphaeria,Bipolaris,Curvularia,Neofusicoccum and Phyllosticta that were included in the One Stop Shop 1 paper are provided with updated entries,as many new species have been introduced to these genera.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360015)the Autonomous Deployment Program of the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.KIB2016002 and Y62B9111Q1)and the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams+2 种基金Peter R.Johnston and Robert Lucking are thanked for providing suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript,Martin Ryberg is thanked for discussion on the evolution of discomycetes and Samantha C.Karunarathna is thanked for suppling some photographs used in this manuscript.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project No.2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of BotanyAlan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013)Anusha H.Ekanayaka was supported by a postgraduate scholarship from Professor Gareth Jones.Anusha H.Ekanayaka is grateful to(Late)Mr.W.Ekanayaka and Mrs.C.Ekanayaka and Mr.A.Surasinghe for their valuable support and encouragement.
文摘Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification of discomycetes has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the important morphological characters,as well as a lack of reference strains.In this review,we provide a historical perspective of discomycetes,notes on their morphology(including both asexual and sexual morphs),ecology and importance,an outline of discomycete families and a synoptical cladogram of currently accepted families in Ascomycota showing their systematic position.We also calculated evolutionary divergence times for major discomycetous taxa based on phylogenetic relationships using a combined LSU,SSU and RPB2 data set from 175 strains and fossil data.Our results confirm that discomycetes are found in two major subphyla of the Ascomycota:Taphrinomycotina and Pezizomycotina.The taxonomic placement of major discomycete taxa is briefly discussed.The most basal group of discomycetes is the class Neolectomycetes,which diverged from other Taphrinomycotina around 417 MYA(216–572),and the most derived group of discomycetes,the class Lecanoromycetes,diverged from Eurotiomycetes around 340 MYA(282–414).Further clarifications based on type specimens,designation of epitypes or reference specimens from fresh collections,and multi-gene analyses are needed to determine the taxonomic arrangement of many discomycetes.
