The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a...The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a particular application.In this work,Black Widow Optimization(BWO)algorithm is intro-duced to minimize the cost functions in order to optimize the Multi-Area Economic Dispatch(MAED).The BWO is implemented for two different-scale test systems,comprising 16 and 40 units with three and four areas.The performance of BWO is compared with the available optimization techniques in the literature to demonstrate the strategy’s efficacy.Results show that the optimized cost for four areas with 16 units is found to be 7336.76$/h,whereas it is 121,589$/h for four areas with 40 units using BWO.It is also noted that optimization algo-rithms other than BWO require higher cost value.The best-optimized solution for emission is achieved at 9.2784e+06 tones/h,and it is observed that there is a considerable difference between the worst and the best values.Also,the suggested technique is implemented for large-scale test systems successfully with high precision,and rapid convergence occurs in MAED.展开更多
Whiteflies(Bemisia tabaci)are polyphagous invasive hemipteran insects that cause serious losses of important crops by directly feeding on phloem sap and transmitting pathogenic viruses.These insects have emerged as a ...Whiteflies(Bemisia tabaci)are polyphagous invasive hemipteran insects that cause serious losses of important crops by directly feeding on phloem sap and transmitting pathogenic viruses.These insects have emerged as a major threat to global agriculture and food security.Chemically synthesized insecticides are currently the only option to control whiteflies,but the ability of whiteflies to evolve resistance against insecticides has made the management of these insects very difficult.Natural host-plant resistance against whiteflies identified in some crop plants has not been exploited to a great extent.Genetic engineering approaches,such as transgenics and RNA interference(RNAi),are potentially useful for the control of whiteflies.Transgenic plants harboring insecticidal toxins/lectins developed via nuclear or chloroplast transformation are a promising vehicle for whitefly control.Double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)of several insect genes,delivered either through microinjection into the insect body cavity or orally via an artificial diet and transiently or stably expressed in transgenic plants,have controlled whiteflies in model plants and in some crops at the laboratory level,but not at the field level.In this review,we highlight the merits and demerits of each delivery method along with strategies for sustained delivery of dsRNAs via fungal entomopathogen/endosymbiont or nontransgenic RNAi approaches,foliar sprays,root absorption or nanocarriers as well as the factors affecting efficient RNAi and their biosafety issues.Genome sequencing and transcriptome studies of whitefly species are facilitating the selection of appropriate genes for RNAi and gene-editing technology for the efficient and resilient management of whiteflies and their transmitted viruses.展开更多
文摘The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a particular application.In this work,Black Widow Optimization(BWO)algorithm is intro-duced to minimize the cost functions in order to optimize the Multi-Area Economic Dispatch(MAED).The BWO is implemented for two different-scale test systems,comprising 16 and 40 units with three and four areas.The performance of BWO is compared with the available optimization techniques in the literature to demonstrate the strategy’s efficacy.Results show that the optimized cost for four areas with 16 units is found to be 7336.76$/h,whereas it is 121,589$/h for four areas with 40 units using BWO.It is also noted that optimization algo-rithms other than BWO require higher cost value.The best-optimized solution for emission is achieved at 9.2784e+06 tones/h,and it is observed that there is a considerable difference between the worst and the best values.Also,the suggested technique is implemented for large-scale test systems successfully with high precision,and rapid convergence occurs in MAED.
文摘Whiteflies(Bemisia tabaci)are polyphagous invasive hemipteran insects that cause serious losses of important crops by directly feeding on phloem sap and transmitting pathogenic viruses.These insects have emerged as a major threat to global agriculture and food security.Chemically synthesized insecticides are currently the only option to control whiteflies,but the ability of whiteflies to evolve resistance against insecticides has made the management of these insects very difficult.Natural host-plant resistance against whiteflies identified in some crop plants has not been exploited to a great extent.Genetic engineering approaches,such as transgenics and RNA interference(RNAi),are potentially useful for the control of whiteflies.Transgenic plants harboring insecticidal toxins/lectins developed via nuclear or chloroplast transformation are a promising vehicle for whitefly control.Double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)of several insect genes,delivered either through microinjection into the insect body cavity or orally via an artificial diet and transiently or stably expressed in transgenic plants,have controlled whiteflies in model plants and in some crops at the laboratory level,but not at the field level.In this review,we highlight the merits and demerits of each delivery method along with strategies for sustained delivery of dsRNAs via fungal entomopathogen/endosymbiont or nontransgenic RNAi approaches,foliar sprays,root absorption or nanocarriers as well as the factors affecting efficient RNAi and their biosafety issues.Genome sequencing and transcriptome studies of whitefly species are facilitating the selection of appropriate genes for RNAi and gene-editing technology for the efficient and resilient management of whiteflies and their transmitted viruses.
