本研究以移栽到不同海拔地区的东方水韭(Isoetes orientalis Liu Hong)为材料,利用转录组测序技术分析基因表达情况,探究其在不同海拔条件下水生和陆生环境中的适应机制。结果显示,与低海拔相比,移栽到高海拔的植株中存在较多的差异表...本研究以移栽到不同海拔地区的东方水韭(Isoetes orientalis Liu Hong)为材料,利用转录组测序技术分析基因表达情况,探究其在不同海拔条件下水生和陆生环境中的适应机制。结果显示,与低海拔相比,移栽到高海拔的植株中存在较多的差异表达基因,显著富集在磷酸肌醇代谢、光合作用、天线蛋白、黄酮类化合物和苯丙素生物合成的通路中,特别是移栽到西藏的植株中存在许多特异性表达的基因,这些基因大多注释为核糖体蛋白、DNA损伤修复酶和不饱和脂肪酸生物合成相关的酶。而这种基因表达模式可能与植物适应高海拔、低氧强辐射、温度变化剧烈的环境相关。研究结果也表明,长期生长在低海拔的东方水韭可以在高海拔环境中生存,而且基因表达模式方面存在一定规律。展开更多
In the regions where crops were mostly produced by smallholder farmers, the analysis of yield gap is difficult due to diverse cultivars, crop managements and yield levels. In order to find an effective method that can...In the regions where crops were mostly produced by smallholder farmers, the analysis of yield gap is difficult due to diverse cultivars, crop managements and yield levels. In order to find an effective method that can reasonably verify the yield gap and the limiting cultivation factors in narrowing yield gaps in areas that are dominanted by smallholder farmers, we worked out a method consisting five progressive procedures as follows: questionnaire investigation of farmer cultivation regime, identification of yield levels and yield gaps, generalization of key cultivation measurements, reconstruction of representative maize populations, and process-based analysis of yield gap. A case study was carried out in Jiangsu Province, China, in which maize is mostly produced by smallholder farmers. A questionnaire investigation of 1 023 smallholder farmers was carried out firstly, then the frequency distribution of maize yield was simulated by an normal distribution function, and then the covering range and average value of the basic yield, farmer yield and high-yield farmer yield levels were calculated out from the equation. Hereby, the yield gaps 1, 2 and 3 were calculated along with the record highest yield from literature and experts, which were 2 564, 2 346 and 2 073 kg ha^(–1), respectively. Moreover, with the covering range of each yield level, the suveyed farmers belonging to each yield level were grouped together and then their major cultivation measures were traced and generalized. With the generalized cultivation measures, representative maize populations of the four yield levels were reconstructed, and thereby clarifing lots of characters of the populations or single plant of each population with processbased analysis of the reconstructed populations. In this case, the main factors causing the yield gap were plant density, fertilizer application rate, logging caused by hurricane, and damages caused by pests. The case study primarily indicated that this five-step method is feasible and effective in yield gap study, especially in smallholder farmers dominant regions.展开更多
The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency.To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormone...The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency.To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process,a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids:Suyu 41(S41,single-ear hybrid)and AN 101(A101,double-ear hybrid).The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation(stageⅡ)and sexual organ formation stage(stageⅣ).From 12 days before silking(DBS),the contents of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),zeatin riboside(ZR)+zeatin(ZT),and gibberellic acid(GA_(3))in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly.ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41,while it was maintained at a high level in A101.At 8 DBS,i.e.,the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage,not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference(ULED),but also the values for ULED of IAA,ZR+ZT and GA_(3)were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101.Furthermore,the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_(U)/AA_(L)and(ZR+ZT)_(U)/(ZR+ZT)_(L)were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid,while the GA_(3U)/GA_(3L)and ABA_(U)/ABA_(L)had no significant differences.In addition,the time course of ULED_(hormone)/ULED_(earshoot growth rate)also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation.The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages.Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period(8 DBS)of superiority/inferiority differentiation,GA_(3) seems to be affected earlier,while ABA contributes little to this process.展开更多
文摘本研究以移栽到不同海拔地区的东方水韭(Isoetes orientalis Liu Hong)为材料,利用转录组测序技术分析基因表达情况,探究其在不同海拔条件下水生和陆生环境中的适应机制。结果显示,与低海拔相比,移栽到高海拔的植株中存在较多的差异表达基因,显著富集在磷酸肌醇代谢、光合作用、天线蛋白、黄酮类化合物和苯丙素生物合成的通路中,特别是移栽到西藏的植株中存在许多特异性表达的基因,这些基因大多注释为核糖体蛋白、DNA损伤修复酶和不饱和脂肪酸生物合成相关的酶。而这种基因表达模式可能与植物适应高海拔、低氧强辐射、温度变化剧烈的环境相关。研究结果也表明,长期生长在低海拔的东方水韭可以在高海拔环境中生存,而且基因表达模式方面存在一定规律。
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300109)。
文摘In the regions where crops were mostly produced by smallholder farmers, the analysis of yield gap is difficult due to diverse cultivars, crop managements and yield levels. In order to find an effective method that can reasonably verify the yield gap and the limiting cultivation factors in narrowing yield gaps in areas that are dominanted by smallholder farmers, we worked out a method consisting five progressive procedures as follows: questionnaire investigation of farmer cultivation regime, identification of yield levels and yield gaps, generalization of key cultivation measurements, reconstruction of representative maize populations, and process-based analysis of yield gap. A case study was carried out in Jiangsu Province, China, in which maize is mostly produced by smallholder farmers. A questionnaire investigation of 1 023 smallholder farmers was carried out firstly, then the frequency distribution of maize yield was simulated by an normal distribution function, and then the covering range and average value of the basic yield, farmer yield and high-yield farmer yield levels were calculated out from the equation. Hereby, the yield gaps 1, 2 and 3 were calculated along with the record highest yield from literature and experts, which were 2 564, 2 346 and 2 073 kg ha^(–1), respectively. Moreover, with the covering range of each yield level, the suveyed farmers belonging to each yield level were grouped together and then their major cultivation measures were traced and generalized. With the generalized cultivation measures, representative maize populations of the four yield levels were reconstructed, and thereby clarifing lots of characters of the populations or single plant of each population with processbased analysis of the reconstructed populations. In this case, the main factors causing the yield gap were plant density, fertilizer application rate, logging caused by hurricane, and damages caused by pests. The case study primarily indicated that this five-step method is feasible and effective in yield gap study, especially in smallholder farmers dominant regions.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300109)。
文摘The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency.To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process,a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids:Suyu 41(S41,single-ear hybrid)and AN 101(A101,double-ear hybrid).The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation(stageⅡ)and sexual organ formation stage(stageⅣ).From 12 days before silking(DBS),the contents of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),zeatin riboside(ZR)+zeatin(ZT),and gibberellic acid(GA_(3))in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly.ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41,while it was maintained at a high level in A101.At 8 DBS,i.e.,the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage,not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference(ULED),but also the values for ULED of IAA,ZR+ZT and GA_(3)were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101.Furthermore,the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_(U)/AA_(L)and(ZR+ZT)_(U)/(ZR+ZT)_(L)were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid,while the GA_(3U)/GA_(3L)and ABA_(U)/ABA_(L)had no significant differences.In addition,the time course of ULED_(hormone)/ULED_(earshoot growth rate)also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation.The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages.Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period(8 DBS)of superiority/inferiority differentiation,GA_(3) seems to be affected earlier,while ABA contributes little to this process.
