Establishment and evaluation of the primary cultured tibial osteoblast model of broiler chicks

Osteoblasts are considered as a major factor contributing to bone development and mineralization,however,few studies have been done to establish and evaluate the primary cultured tibial osteoblast model of broiler chicks.Therefore,in the present study,two experiments were conducted to establish and evaluate the primary cultured tibial osteoblast model of broiler chicks.In experiment 1,osteoblasts were isolated from the tibia of one-day-old Arbor Acre male broiler chicks using the explant method and identified through the cell morphology,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and alizarin red staining.Experiment 2 was carried out to evaluate the vitality and mineralization of primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broilers on days 4,8,12,16,20,24,28 and 32 after incubation,respectively.The results from experiment 1 demonstrated that primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broilers showed a spindle-shaped,triangular or polygonal morphology.More than 95%of the cells were stained blue-black after ALP staining,and mineralized nodules were formed after 4 days of continuous incubation.In experiment 2,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity stayed at a relatively stabilized level although incubation time affected(P=0.0012)it during the whole culture period.Additionally,incubation time affected(P≤0.0001)the number and proportion of the area of mineralized nodules.They increased linearly and quadratically(P<0.04)with the increase of incubation time,and remained at a stabilized level from 24 to 32 days of incubation.The estimates of the optimal incubation time were 17 and 26 days based on the best fitted broken-line or quadratic models(P<0.0001)of the number and proportion of the area of mineralized nodules,respectively.These results indicate that the primary cultured tibial osteoblast model of broilers has been established successfully by the explant method,and it showed typical osteoblast morphology and characteristics of ALP activity and mineralization,and could maintain a relatively stabilized vitality from 4 to 32 days of incubation;and the optimal incubation time of primary tibial osteoblasts was 17 to 26 days.Therefore,it could be used to further study the underlying mechanisms of bone development and mineralization of broiler chicks.

g-C_(3)N_(4)在能源和环境治理方面的应用

随着工业科技的快速发展,能源危机和环境污染日益严重。石墨相氮化碳作为一种被广泛使用的典型半导体碳氮聚合物,具有光催化特有的稳定性、无污染、可重复利用和低成本等显著特点。因此,在治理环境和节约能源等方面得到广泛的应用。本文简述了石墨相氮化碳在污染检测、废气处理、污水治理、土壤修复和能源电池方面的应用,并且对当前石墨相氮化碳发展中存在的问题进行了总结。

壳寡糖与屎肠球菌对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及肠道短链脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加壳寡糖(COS)和鸡源屎肠球菌PNC01(PNC)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肉鸡炎症反应的调节作用。选取1日龄健康且体重相近的AA公雏560羽,采用2(LPS刺激/非LPS刺激)×2(添加COS/不添加COS)×2(添加PNC/不添加PNC)三因素试验设计,共8个处理,每处理7重复,每重复10只鸡,试验期21 d。采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验饲粮分别在基础日粮基础上添加COS(200 mg/kg)和PNC(1×109 CFU/kg)。于试验第17、19、21天,刺激组腹腔注射LPS(1 mg/kg体重),对照组注射等量生理盐水。结果表明:LPS刺激降低肉鸡采食量(P<0.01),破坏肠道形态,降低盲肠食糜中丁酸含量和血清IgA水平(P<0.05),引起脾脏肿大,上调IL-1β和IL-8 mRNA表达(P<0.01);添加COS缓解LPS刺激肉鸡采食量的下降(P<0.05),提高盲肠丙酸和丁酸含量(P<0.05),COS降低脾脏指数和回肠IL-8 mRNA表达量(P<0.05),有下调脾脏IL-1βmRNA表达的趋势(P<0.1);PNC可提高21 d肉鸡血清IgA含量(P<0.05),降低肉仔鸡脾脏指数(P<0.01);非LPS刺激时,同时添加COS和PNC可提高盲肠中乙酸含量(P<0.05)。可见,添加COS和PNC均能缓解LPS刺激导致的脾脏肿大,缓解炎症反应,改善LPS刺激对肉仔鸡的不利影响。

Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function, antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers

Cinnamon essential oil(CEO)and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid(BLF)have been shown to exhibit an additive antibacterial effect in vitro,but their functions in broilers were not clear.An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded levels of CEO and its combination with BLF on the growth performance,immune responses,antioxidative ability,and intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.A total of 576 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broilers were randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each in a completely randomized design.Birds were fed on a basal corn-soybean meal diet(control,without plant extracts and antibiotics),or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg of aureomycin kg^-1,50,100,200,400,or 800 mg of CEO kg^-1,a combination of 100 mg of CEO and 16.7 mg of BLF kg^-1,or a combination of 200 mg of CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg of BLF kg^-1 for 42 d.Dietary treatment affected(P<0.05)the serum immune globulin M(IgM)contents on d 42,liver malondialdehyde(MDA)contents on d 21,duodenal crypt depth on d 42,relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents on d 21,and relative abundances of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents on d 42,but had no effect(P>0.16)on all other measured indices.The addition of 400 mg of CEO kg^-1 or a combination of 200 mg CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg BLF kg^-1 increased(P<0.02)serum IgM contents on d 42.Dietary supplementation with 100 or 200 mg CEO kg^-1,or 50 mg aureomycin kg^-1 decreased(P<0.003)liver MDA contents on d 21.In addition,the supplement of 100 mg CEO kg^-1 increased(P<0.002)the Lactobacillus relative abundance in caecum on d 21 and Bifidobacterium relative abundance in caecum on d 42,and decreased(P<0.0001)E.coli relative abundance in caecum on d 42.The results indicated that dietary supplementation with CEO,an alternative to aureomycin,improved the immune status,antioxidantative ability and cecal microbiota of broilers,and dietary supplementation with the combinations of CEO and BLF did not exhibit further effects.Dietary supplementation with 100 mg CEO kg^-1 is beneficial for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium(Ca)or phosphorus(P)deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study,which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age.A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design,and fed the normal control and Ca-or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age.At 22 days of age,the broilers were further fed the normal control diet(0.90%Ca+0.35%non-phytate P(NPP)),the P-deficient diet(0.90%Ca+0.18%NPP),the Ca-deficient diet(0.30%Ca+0.35%NPP)or the Ca and P-deficient diet(0.30%Ca+0.18%NPP),respectively.The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased(P<0.05)tibia bone mineral density(BMD),bone breaking strength(BBS),ash content,tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42,but increased(P<0.05)tibia alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group.Furthermore,the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest(P<0.05)tibia BMD,BBS,ash content,serum P content and the highest(P<0.05)serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets.The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency,followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency;dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.

Regulation of bone phosphorus retention and bone development possibly by BMP and MAPK signaling pathways in broilers

The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathways play an important role in regulation of bone formation and development,however,it remains unclear that the effect of dietary different levels of non-phytate phosphorus(NPP)on these signaling pathways and their correlations with bone phosphorus(P)retention and bone development in broilers.Therefore,this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary P supplementation on BMP and MAPK signaling pathways and their correlations with bone P retention and bone development in broilers.A total of 800 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design.The 5 treatments of dietary NPP levels were 0.15,0.25,0.35,0.45 and 0.55%or 0.15,0.22,0.29,0.36 and 0.43%for broilers from 1 to 21 days of age or 22 to 42 days of age,respectively.The results showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1(ERK1)mRNA expression in the tibia of broilers on days 14 and 28,phosphorylated-ERK1(p-ERK1)on day 14,and BMP2 protein expression on days 28 and42 decreased linearly(P<0.04),while c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1(JNK1)mRNA expression on day 42 increased linearly(P<0.02)with the increase of dietary NPP level.At 14 days of age,total P accumulation in tibia ash(TP),bone mineral concentration(BMC),bone mineral density(BMD),bone breaking strength(BBS)and tibia ash were negatively correlated(r=-0.726 to-0.359,P<0.05)with ERK1 and JNK1 mRNA as well as p-ERK1;tibia alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and bone gal protein(BGP)were positively correlated(r=0.405 to 0.665,P<0.01)with ERK1 mRNA and p-ERK1.At 28 days of age,TP,BMC,BMD,BBS and tibia ash were negatively correlated(r=-0.518 to-0.370,P<0.05)with ERK1 mRNA and BMP2 protein,while tibia ALP was positively correlated(r=0.382 to 0.648,P<0.05)with them.The results indicated that TP,BMC,BMD,BBS or tibia ash had negative correlations,while tibia ALP and BGP had positive correlations with ERK1 and JNK1 mRNAs,BMP2 protein and p-ERK1,suggesting that bone P retention and bone development might be regulated by BMP and MAPK signaling pathways in broiler chickens.

Effect of the gene silencing of phosphorus transporters on phosphorus absorption across primary cultured duodenal epithelial cell monolayers of chick embryos

The aim of the study was to investigate whether phosphorus(P) transporters, type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter(NaP-IIb) and inorganic phosphate transporter 2(PiT2), were directly involved in P absorption across primary cultured duodenal epithelial cell monolayers of chick embryos. The siRNAs against NaP-IIb or PiT2 were designed, synthesized and transfected into primary cultured duodenal epithelial cells of chick embryos. Then, the inhibitory efficiency of siRNAs against NaP-IIb or PiT2 was analyzed, and the most efficacious siRNAs were selected to be used for subsequent P absorption experiments. Briefly, primary cultured duodenal epithelial cells of chick embryos were transfected with either NaP-IIb or PiT2 siRNAs and grown in confluent monolayers on transwell plates. The untransfected or transfected cell monolayers were then incubated in an uptake medium containing 0 or 0.25 mmol L^(–1) of P as KH_(2) PO_(4) to measure the P absorption across duodenal epithelial cell monolayers. The results showed that among the siRNAs designed, si-1372 and si-890 were demonstrated to be the most effective in inhibiting the NaPIIb and PiT2 expressions, respectively. Supplemental P increased(P=0.065) the protein abundance of PiT2 and enhanced(P<0.0001) P absorption in primary cultured duodenal epithelial cell of chick embryos. Furthermore, NaPIIb silencing decreased(P=0.07) P absorption across duodenal epithelial cell monolayers, while PiT2 silencing had no effect(P=0.345). It is concluded that the NaP-IIb, but not PiT2, might be directly involved in the P absorption of chick duodenal epithelial cells.

基于FPGA的ADV7391视频回放平台的设计与实现

本设计平台实现飞行器采集到的视频信息进行实时回放处理。该平台,利用FPGA通过RapidIO串口接收来自DSP的视频信息,并存储在RAM中,并将视频信息按照自定义的行列同步信号使ADV7391在规定的行和列内显示视频画面。极大的提高了视频信息的传输速率,减小了传输数据的信息量,提高了数据的传输效率,而且减少了该平台的功耗和成本。

精神分裂症患者基于努力的奖赏决策功能异常

动机缺失是精神分裂症阴性症状的核心表现之一,对患者的社会功能造成了严重影响。近十年来,越来越多的研究开始探究精神分裂症患者的动机缺失症状与基于努力的奖赏决策功能之间的联系。本综述将从躯体努力和认知努力两个层面,对过去精神分裂症基于努力的奖赏决策损伤研究进行整理和归纳。综述内容主要包含基于努力的奖赏决策的理论框架与测量手段;以往临床研究在精神分裂症群体中的主要发现以及未来研究展望。大多数证据较为一致地表明精神分裂症患者在追求特定的目标奖赏时的代价-收益分析功能可能存在损伤。这在一定程度上为精神分裂症的社会退缩现象的解释给出了可能的方向,同时为精神分裂症患者动机缺失症状的评估和治疗提供了新的视角。