东北亚和北半球冬季高空切断冷涡与中国极端低温事件的联系

利用美国国家环境预测中心/国家大气研究中心再分析资料和美国气候预测中心冬季逐日温度资料,通过机器自动识别和目视相结合的方法,研究了北半球冬季500 hPa冷涡分布特征,并基于信息流因果论方法,揭示了东北亚冷涡活动与北半球其他活动区冷涡以及中国冬季极端低温事件的联系。根据冷涡活动天数随经度的变化,划分了4个活动频繁区,发现北半球冬季冷涡活动频率从大到小分别为大西洋-欧洲区(37.7%)、北太平洋区(22.35%)、东北亚区(20.95%)和北美-格陵兰区(13.77%)。北美-格陵兰区冷涡平均中心强度最强(493 dagpm),大西洋-欧洲区最弱(514 dagpm)。年际尺度上,东北亚区冷涡活动具有相对独立性,只有1月北美-格陵兰区冷涡活动天数变化在一定程度上是2月东北亚冷涡活动天数变化的原因。冷涡强年的动力学特征分析表明,东北亚区和北美-格陵兰区冷涡与北大西洋涛动正位相密切相联,北太平洋区冷涡则与北太平洋涛动正位相有联系,大西洋-欧洲区冷涡则对应北大西洋涛动和北太平洋涛动负位相。东北亚冷涡与中国极端低温联系密切,通过聚类分析界定了4类极端低温事件,发现东北-华北类、北方类和中东部类极端低温事件发生时都伴随着很强的东北亚冷涡活动。

Numerical Experiments on the Impact of Spring North Pacific SSTA on NPO and Unusually Cool Summers in Northeast China

A set of numerical experiments designed to analyze the oceanic forcing in spring show that the combined forcing of cold （warm） El Ni（n）o （La Ni（n）a） phases in the Ni（n）o4 region and sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the westerly drifts region would result in abnormally enhanced NorthEast Cold Vortex （NECV） activities in early summer.In spring,the central equatorial Pacific El Ni（n）o phase and westerly drift SSTA forcing would lead to the retreat of non-adiabatic waves,inducing elliptic low-frequency anomalies of tropical air flows.This would enhance the anomalous cyclone-anticyclonecyclone-anticyclone low-frequency wave train that propagates from the tropics to the extratropics and further to the mid-high latitudes,constituting a major physical mechanism that contributes to the early summer circulation anomalies in the subtropics and in the North Pacific mid-high latitudes.The central equatorial Pacific La Ni（n）a forcing in the spring would,on the one hand,induce teleconnection anomalies of high pressure from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Sea of Japan in early summer,and on the other hand indirectly trigger a positive low-frequency East Asia-Pacific teleconnection （EAP） wave train in the lower troposphere.

Quantitative Assessment of Impacts of Regional Climate and Human Activities on Saline-alkali Land Changes:A Case Study of Qian'an County,Jilin Province

Interdecadal and interannuat variations of saline-alkali land area in Qian＇an County, Jilin Province, China were comprehensively analyzed in this paper by means of satellite remote sensing interpretation, field flux observations and regional climate diagnosis. The results show that on the interannual scale, the impact of climate factors accounts for 71.6% of the total variation of the saline-alkali land area, and that of human activities accounts for 28.4%. Therefore the impact of climate factors is obviously greater than that of human activities. On the interdecadal scale, the impact of climate factors on the increase of the saline-alkali land area accounts for 43.2%, and that of human activities accounts for 56.8%. The impact of human activities on the variation of saline-alkali land area is very clear on the interdecadal scale, and the negative impact of human activities on the environment should not be negligible. Besides, changes in the area of heavy saline-alkali land have some indication for development of saline-alkali land in Qian＇an County.

东北冷涡活动及其短期气候预测研究进展

东北冷涡是亚洲东部中纬度的重要天气系统之一,尤其在春末至初夏对我国东北、华北地区,甚至江淮及以南地区的气候异常具有举足轻重的影响。自20世纪70年代以来,国内对东北冷涡的研究,从着重天气结构、中尺度特征和暴雨发生的物理过程等,转向东北冷涡活动的机器自动监测、气候学特征、影响东北夏季低温的东北冷涡活动频率,以及预测信号等;今后,研究更可能关注于东北冷涡的天气尺度与气候尺度诊断并重、高相关与物理过程预测信号提取研究并重,以及诊断与数值预报方法密切结合。通过年际、季节与月等多时空尺度融合方法研究,对于进一步提高东北冷涡短期气候预测水平将是十分有益的。

Circulation anomalies associated with interannual variation of early- and late-summer precipitation in Northeast China

Summer rainfall is vital for crops in Northeast China. In this study, we investigated large-scale circulation anomalies related to monthly summer rainfall in Northeast China using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast ERA-40 reanalysis data and monthly rainfall data from 79 stations in Northeast China. The results show that the interannual variation in rainfall over Northeast China is mainly dominated by a cold vortex in early summer (May-June) and by the East Asian summer monsoon in late summer (July-August). In early summer, corresponding to increased rainfall in Northeast China, an anomalous cyclonic anomaly tilted westward with height appears to the northwest and cold vortices occur frequently. In late summer, the rainfall anomaly is mainly controlled by a northward shift of the local East Asian jet stream in the upper troposphere and the northwest extension of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in the lower troposphere. The enhanced southwesterly anomaly in the west of the WPSH transports more moisture into Northeast China and results in more rainfall. In addition, compared with that in July, the rainfall in Northeast China in August is also influenced by a mid- and high-latitude blocking high over Northeast Asia.