【目的】定量评估半干旱牧区天然打草场的生产能力,分析天然打草场的退化程度,明确气候因子对打草场生长过程的影响。【方法】利用Miami和Tharnthwaite Memorial模型计算2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场气候生产潜力,并结合近18年的...【目的】定量评估半干旱牧区天然打草场的生产能力,分析天然打草场的退化程度,明确气候因子对打草场生长过程的影响。【方法】利用Miami和Tharnthwaite Memorial模型计算2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场气候生产潜力,并结合近18年的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)净初级生产力(NPP)产品(MOD17A2H)进行分析。【结果】2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场实际生产力与潜在生产力均随降水增加呈上升趋势,天然打草场18年平均实际生产力和潜在生产力分别为295.24和557.79 g C·m^-2·a^-1。按不同草地类型分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产潜力均以草甸草原最高,分别为589.68 g C·m^-2·a^-1和349.78 g C·m^-2·a^-1,山地草甸的气候生产潜力最低,为518.72 g C·m^-2·a^-1,而实际生产潜力以典型草原最低,仅为269.52 g C·m^-2·a^-1。从变异系数来分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产力均以草甸草原最稳定。从年际变化率分析,草甸草原的气候生产潜力的上升速率最高,为6.30 g C·m^-2·a^-1,实际生产力以山地草甸上升速率最高,为4.44 g C·m^-2·a^-1。实际生产力对降水的响应高于温度,其中95.88%的打草场与降水呈显著正相关关系,与温度呈负相关的区域仅占总面积的5.70%,且不同草地类型的实际生产力均与降水在P<0.001水平呈显著正相关关系。【结论】天然打草场气候生产潜力呈由西向东递增的地带性规律,而实际生产力受水热条件的影响,以大兴安岭为中心向东西两麓逐渐递减,其对降水的响应高于温度,水分条件是该区植被生长的限制因子;年均气候资源利用率的分布规律与实际生产力相同,平均气候资源利用率为55.09%;以草甸草原打草场的气候资源利用率最高,高达60.34%,同时也是退化速度最高的草地类型。展开更多
We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment...We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319） in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable （ND） to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface （i.e., lake bottom） sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake（B11, B12, B13, and B14）. Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers （p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT） at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.展开更多
半干旱牧区天然打草场是北方牧区产量最高的草场,但由于长期连续打草,没有休闲机会,目前天然打草场普遍存在严重的退化,极大限制了天然打草场牧草的产量和质量,同时,我国天然打草场退化的空间分布及其退化程度的本底数据一直不清,主要...半干旱牧区天然打草场是北方牧区产量最高的草场,但由于长期连续打草,没有休闲机会,目前天然打草场普遍存在严重的退化,极大限制了天然打草场牧草的产量和质量,同时,我国天然打草场退化的空间分布及其退化程度的本底数据一直不清,主要原因之一与没有形成全国统一的、规范的评价标准有关。基于上述问题,本文采用层次分析法针对北方(温性草甸草原、温性草原、山地草甸、低地草甸为主)的草原区开展天然打草场退化评价指标的筛选与精度验证,研究明确了能够快速反映天然打草场退化的7项指标(平均高度、地上生物量、盖度、中型禾草比例、凋落物量、退化指示植物比例及裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例),采用5级级差法划定了各项指标的阈值范围,即平均高度25–80 cm,地上生物量480–2500 kg ha^(-1),盖度26%–98%,中型禾草比例10%–50%,凋落物量100–400kg ha^(-1),退化指示植物比例0–11%,裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例0–14%。研究结果有效解决了天然打草场退化分级评价的技术瓶颈,为天然打草场退化的科学评价提供理论依据,也对天然打草场可持续利用及畜牧业生产提供了重要技术支撑。展开更多
文摘【目的】定量评估半干旱牧区天然打草场的生产能力,分析天然打草场的退化程度,明确气候因子对打草场生长过程的影响。【方法】利用Miami和Tharnthwaite Memorial模型计算2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场气候生产潜力,并结合近18年的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)净初级生产力(NPP)产品(MOD17A2H)进行分析。【结果】2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场实际生产力与潜在生产力均随降水增加呈上升趋势,天然打草场18年平均实际生产力和潜在生产力分别为295.24和557.79 g C·m^-2·a^-1。按不同草地类型分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产潜力均以草甸草原最高,分别为589.68 g C·m^-2·a^-1和349.78 g C·m^-2·a^-1,山地草甸的气候生产潜力最低,为518.72 g C·m^-2·a^-1,而实际生产潜力以典型草原最低,仅为269.52 g C·m^-2·a^-1。从变异系数来分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产力均以草甸草原最稳定。从年际变化率分析,草甸草原的气候生产潜力的上升速率最高,为6.30 g C·m^-2·a^-1,实际生产力以山地草甸上升速率最高,为4.44 g C·m^-2·a^-1。实际生产力对降水的响应高于温度,其中95.88%的打草场与降水呈显著正相关关系,与温度呈负相关的区域仅占总面积的5.70%,且不同草地类型的实际生产力均与降水在P<0.001水平呈显著正相关关系。【结论】天然打草场气候生产潜力呈由西向东递增的地带性规律,而实际生产力受水热条件的影响,以大兴安岭为中心向东西两麓逐渐递减,其对降水的响应高于温度,水分条件是该区植被生长的限制因子;年均气候资源利用率的分布规律与实际生产力相同,平均气候资源利用率为55.09%;以草甸草原打草场的气候资源利用率最高,高达60.34%,同时也是退化速度最高的草地类型。
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4147117341671200+1 种基金U1603242)the Specific Scientific Research Fund from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(201309041)
文摘We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319） in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable （ND） to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface （i.e., lake bottom） sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake（B11, B12, B13, and B14）. Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers （p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT） at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0503805,2016YFC0500603,2017YFE0104500)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-34)National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAAS(821-32)
文摘半干旱牧区天然打草场是北方牧区产量最高的草场,但由于长期连续打草,没有休闲机会,目前天然打草场普遍存在严重的退化,极大限制了天然打草场牧草的产量和质量,同时,我国天然打草场退化的空间分布及其退化程度的本底数据一直不清,主要原因之一与没有形成全国统一的、规范的评价标准有关。基于上述问题,本文采用层次分析法针对北方(温性草甸草原、温性草原、山地草甸、低地草甸为主)的草原区开展天然打草场退化评价指标的筛选与精度验证,研究明确了能够快速反映天然打草场退化的7项指标(平均高度、地上生物量、盖度、中型禾草比例、凋落物量、退化指示植物比例及裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例),采用5级级差法划定了各项指标的阈值范围,即平均高度25–80 cm,地上生物量480–2500 kg ha^(-1),盖度26%–98%,中型禾草比例10%–50%,凋落物量100–400kg ha^(-1),退化指示植物比例0–11%,裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例0–14%。研究结果有效解决了天然打草场退化分级评价的技术瓶颈,为天然打草场退化的科学评价提供理论依据,也对天然打草场可持续利用及畜牧业生产提供了重要技术支撑。
