黄土迁移入海后动力特性的试验研究

黄土研究在我国国民经济建设中具有重要的学术价值,但其入海后工程力学性质变化如何,是目前研究尚待解决的重要问题.在黄土入海堆积形成的现代黄河三角洲采集沉积物样品,在均等固结条件下,采用应变破坏标准,开展系列动荷载作用下的固结不排水循环三轴强度试验;获得不同动荷载下的动应变、动孔隙水压力发展曲线,建立孔隙水压力增长模型;并探讨了其孔压及动强度特性较陆地黄土的变化.研究结果表明:黄土迁移入海后,在动荷载作用下,沉积物样品的应变与孔隙水压力发展不同步,孔隙水压力最终稳定,应变则不断发展;土样发生破坏时孔压未完全达到围压,主应力也未完全减小为零;黄土迁移入海后孔隙水压力发展与陆上黄土类似,同样可用一个五级多项式表示;黄土在迁移入海后其动强度增强.研究成果对黄河三角洲动力地质灾害的预防具有指导意义.

水合物储层工程地质参数评价系统研发与功能验证

海洋天然气水合物储层的工程力学参数对准确评价水合物开采过程中的工程地质风险至关重要。静力触探和十字板剪切技术结合能够获得储层原位纵向连续性良好的工程力学参数,在天然气水合物开发工程-地质一体化探测与评价方面具有巨大潜力,但目前鲜见该系列技术在水合物勘查及试采中的应用。为了摸清天然气水合物储层的静力触探参数、十字板剪切参数响应规律及影响因素,进而为水合物储层工程地质特征现场评价提供依据,自主研发了天然气水合物储层工程地质参数评价试验系统。该系统能够开展含水合物沉积物五桥静力触探测试(锥尖阻力、侧摩阻力、孔隙水压力、电阻率、摄像),十字板剪切测试,并与电阻率层析成像测试结合,解释天然气水合物储层的工程地质参数响应机理。基于该系统分别针对砂土、粉砂质黏土沉积物(不含水合物)开展了功能验证性实验,并与南海神狐海域粉砂质黏土层的现场实测数据进行比对,结果证明试验数据重复性良好,试验结果与现场实测数据有可比性,系统可靠。该系统对于验证新型水合物开发工程-地质参数一体化探测技术提供了基础平台。

水合物直井与水平井产气效果分析——以神狐海域SH2站位为例

以现有的南海神狐海域SH2钻孔资料为基础,建立起了与试采站位类似的“水合物层—游离气层”成藏模型,利用TOUGH+Hydrate数值模拟软件,对开采井内产气的来源问题做出了定量解释;分别使用直井和水平井降压开采方式,对“水合物层—游离气层”的储层进行了产气效率、储层开采程度方面的比较。结果表明:1)对研究工况,使用直井降压开采时,前100d内井内气体有16%是直接来源于下部游离气层,且仍有很大部分游离气是向上迁移至水合物层中后产出,最终游离气层的贡献可达40%左右;2)直井开采易生成二次水合物,而使用水平井开采时,游离气的向上迁移会带动更深层热液的向上运动,能在很大程度上提高水合物分解速率,并能够防止二次水合物的形成;3)对研究工况中的“水合物层—游离气层”储层进行长期开采时,水平井降压开采更具应用前景。

Progress in Global Gas Hydrate Development and Production as a New Energy Resource

Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy,especially as fossil fuels approach depletion,energy consumption soars,and fossil fuel prices rise,owing to their extensive distribution,abundance,and high fuel efficiency.Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle,containing most of the world's methane and accounting for a third of Earth's mobile organic carbon.We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates,such as temperature,pressure,and heat flow,based on related data collected by the global drilling programs.Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological,geochemical and geophysical tools.Based on a series of previous investigations,we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA,Japan,South Korea,India,Germany,the polar areas,and China.Then,we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale.Additionally,we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates,including thermal stimulation,depressurization,chemical injection,and CH4-CO2 exchange,as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia,Japan,United States,Canada and China.In particular,unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada,most gas hydrates in the northem South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology.Therefore,especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea,Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials:solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction.Herein,we introduce the two production techniques,as well as the so-called"fbur-in-one"environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test.Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world;therefore,the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones.Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates,it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques.Herein,we propose horizontal wells,multilateral wells,and cluster wells improved by the vertical and in dividual wells applied during existing field trials.It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds,within near-surface sediments,and in gas migration conduits.Their extensive distribution,high saturation,and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future.Herein,we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques.In the closing section,we discuss future research needs,key issues,and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production.We believe this review article provides insight on past,present,and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates.

Liquid-plastic Limit of Surface Sediments in North Slope of South China Sea

1 Introduction China has a vast area of continental shelf and is very rich in marine resources,but because of the complex geological environment and frequent geological disasters,the utilization of marine resources and the construction of marine engineering are limited(Zhu et al.,2016).As

Surface Sediment Density and Moisture Content in North slope of South China Sea

Marine engineering geology is mainly based on the actual project to study the seabed.This provides a variety of engineering geological parameters for the development of marine engineering(Zhu et al.,2016).This is an

含水合物砂中静力触探的数值模拟

我国南海水合物储层的主要类型为粉细砂层,天然气水合物的开发利用需要快速准确地获取储层力学特性。选用有限元软件Abaqus,采用修正摩尔-库伦模型来描述含水合物砂的刚度、强度和变形特性,并通过纯砂的等向压缩试验和含水合物砂的三轴排水剪切试验标定并验证了本构模型参数。采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉格式的大变形有限元方法,模拟了含水合物砂中静力触探的完整过程,并总结出了不同饱和度下含水合物砂中锥尖贯入阻力经验公式。在模拟过程中允许土体和网格具有不同的流动速度,有效避免了贯入过程中锥尖周围土体网格的扭曲,对此类数值模拟的研究提出了有益的建议。