Prescreening of large-effect markers with multiple strategies improves the accuracy of genomic prediction

Presently,integrating multi-omics information into a prediction model has become a ameliorate strategy for genomic selection to improve genomic prediction accuracy.Here,we set the genomic and transcriptomic data as the training population data,using BSLMM,TWAS,and eQTL mapping to prescreen features according to |β_(b)|>0,top 1%of phenotypic variation explained(PVE),expression-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms(eSNPs),and egenes(false discovery rate(FDR)<0.01),where these loci were set as extra fixed effects(named GBLUP-Fix)and random effects(GFBLUP)to improve the prediction accuracy in the validation population,respectively.The results suggested that both GBLUP-Fix and GFBLUP models could improve the accuracy of longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM),water holding capacity(WHC),shear force(SF),and pH in Huaxi cattle on average from 2.14 to 8.69%,especially the improvement of GFBLUP-TWAS over GBLUP was 13.66%for SF.These methods also captured more genetic variance than GBLUP.Our study confirmed that multi-omics-assisted large-effects loci prescreening could improve the accuracyofgenomic prediction.

Sequential Inverse Optimal Control of Discrete-Time Systems

This paper presents a novel sequential inverse optimal control(SIOC)method for discrete-time systems,which calculates the unknown weight vectors of the cost function in real time using the input and output of an optimally controlled discrete-time system.The proposed method overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by eliminating the need for the invertible Jacobian assumption.It calculates the possible-solution spaces and their intersections sequentially until the dimension of the intersection space decreases to one.The remaining one-dimensional vector of the possible-solution space’s intersection represents the SIOC solution.The paper presents clear conditions for convergence and addresses the issue of noisy data by clarifying the conditions for the singular values of the matrices that relate to the possible-solution space.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulation results.

Sol-gel-based porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide films for high-performance dual-band electrochromic smart windows

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current strategy for building DESWs is to screen materials for composite or prepare plasmonic nanocrystal films.These rigorous preparation processes seriously limit the further development of DESWs.Herein,we report a facile and effective sol-gel strategy using a foaming agent to achieve porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide film for the high performance of DESWs.The introduction of foaming agent polyvinylpyrrolidone during the film preparation can increase the specific surface area and free carrier concentration of the films and enhance their independent regulation ability of near-infrared electrochromism.As a result,the optimal film shows excellent dual-band electrochromic properties,including high optical modulation(84.9%at 633 nm and 90.3%at 1200 nm),high coloration efficiency(114.9 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 633 nm and 420.3 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 1200 nm),quick switching time,excellent bistability,and good cycle stability(the transmittance modulation losses at 633 and 1200 nm were 11%and 3.5%respectively after 1000 cycles).A demonstrated DESW fabricated by the sol-gel film showed effective management of heat and light of sunlight.This study represents a significant advance in the preparation of dual-band electrochromic films,which will shed new light on advancing electrochromic technology for future energy-saving smart buildings.

Incorporating kernelized multi-omics data improves the accuracy of genomic prediction

Background:Genomic selection(GS)has revolutionized animal and plant breeding after the first implementation via early selection before measuring phenotypes.Besides genome,transcriptome and metabolome information are increasingly considered new sources for GS.Difficulties in building the model with multi-omics data for GS and the limit of specimen availability have both delayed the progress of investigating multi-omics.Results:We utilized the Cosine kernel to map genomic and transcriptomic data as n×n symmetric matrix(G matrix and T matrix),combined with the best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP)for GS.Here,we defined five kernel-based prediction models:genomic BLUP(GBLUP),transcriptome-BLUP(TBLUP),multi-omics BLUP(MBLUP,M=ratio×G+(1-ratio)×T),multi-omics single-step BLUP(mss BLUP),and weighted multi-omics single-step BLUP(wmss BLUP)to integrate transcribed individuals and genotyped resource population.The predictive accuracy evaluations in four traits of the Chinese Simmental beef cattle population showed that(1)MBLUP was far preferred to GBLUP(ratio=1.0),(2)the prediction accuracy of wmss BLUP and mss BLUP had 4.18%and 3.37%average improvement over GBLUP,(3)We also found the accuracy of wmss BLUP increased with the growing proportion of transcribed cattle in the whole resource population.Conclusions:We concluded that the inclusion of transcriptome data in GS had the potential to improve accuracy.Moreover,wmss BLUP is accepted to be a promising alternative for the present situation in which plenty of individuals are genotyped when fewer are transcribed.

Telomere-to-telomere assembly of cassava genome reveals the evolution of cassava and divergence of allelic expression

Cassava is a crucial crop that makes a significant contribution to ensuring human food security.However,high-quality telomere-totelomere cassava genomes have not been available up to now,which has restricted the progress of haploid molecular breeding for cassava.In this study,we constructed two nearly complete haploid resolved genomes and an integrated,telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of an excellent cassava variety,‘Xinxuan 048’,thereby providing a new high-quality genomic resource.Furthermore,the evolutionary history of several species within the Euphorbiaceae family was revealed.Through comparative analysis of haploid genomes,it was found that two haploid genomes had extensive differences in linear structure,transcriptome features,and epigenetic characteristics.Genes located within the highly divergent regions and differentially expressed alleles are enriched in the functions of auxin response and the starch synthesis pathway.The high heterozygosity of cassava‘Xinxuan 048’leads to rapid trait segregation in the first selfed generation.This study provides a theoretical basis and genomic resource for molecular breeding of cassava haploids.

Reversible Zn^(2+) Insertion in Tungsten Ion-Activated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals for Electrochromic Windows

Zinc-anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs) are emerging as the next-generation energy-e cient transparent electronics. We report anatase W-doped TiO_(2) nanocrystals(NCs) as a Zn^(2+) active electrochromic material. It demonstrates that the W doping in TiO_(2) highly reduces the Zn^(2+) intercalation energy,thus triggering the electrochromism. The prototype ZECDs based on W-doped TiO_(2) NCs deliver a high optical modulation(66% at 550 nm),fast spectral response times(9/2.7 s at 550 nm for coloration/bleaching),and good electrochemical stability(8.2% optical modulation loss after 1000 cycles).

Advances and Challenges in Two‑Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites Toward High‑Performance Light‑Emitting Diodes

Two-dimensional(2D)perovskites are known as one of the most promising luminescent materials due to their structural diversity and outstanding optoelectronic properties.Compared with 3D perovskites,2D perovskites have natural quantum well structures,large exciton binding energy(Eb)and outstanding thermal stability,which shows great potential in the next-generation displays and solidstate lighting.In this review,the fundamental structure,photophysical and electrical properties of 2D perovskite films were illustrated systematically.Based on the advantages of 2D perovskites,such as special energy funnel process,ultrafast energy transfer,dense film and low efficiency roll-off,the remarkable achievements of 2D perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)are summarized,and exciting challenges of 2D perovskite are also discussed.An outlook on further improving the efficiency of pure-blue PeLEDs,enhancing the operational stability of PeLEDs and reducing the toxicity to push this field forward was also provided.This review provides an overview of the recent developments of 2D perovskite materials and LED applications,and outlining challenges for achieving the high-performance devices.

Carrier Dynamics Determined by Carrier-Phonon Coupling in InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Blue Light Emitting Diodes

Phonon sidebands in the electrolumiescence(EL) spectra of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well blue light emitting diodes are investigated. S-shaped injection current dependence of the energy spacing(ES) between the zero-phonon and first-order phonon-assisted luminescence lines is observed in a temperature range of 100–150 K.The S-shape is suppressed with increasing temperature from 100 to 150 K, and vanishes at temperature above200 K. The S-shaped injection dependence of ES at low temperatures could be explained by the three stages of carrier dynamics related to localization states:(i) carrier relaxation from shallow into deep localization states,(ii) band filling of shallow and deep localization states, and(iii) carrier overflow from deep to shallow localization states and to higher energy states. The three stages show strong temperature dependence. It is proposed that the fast change of the carrier lifetime with temperature is responsible for the suppression of S-shaped feature.The proposed mechanisms reveal carrier recombination dynamics in the EL of InGaN/GaN MQWs at various injection current densities and temperatures.

Ultra-Stable and Durable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator with All-Weather Service Capability Based on N Doped 4H-SiC Nanohole Arrays

Ultra-stable piezoelectric nanogenerator(PENG)driven by environmental actuation sources with all-weather service capability is highly desirable.Here,the PENG based on N doped 4H-SiC nanohole arrays(NHAs)is proposed to harvest ambient energy under low/high temperature and relative humidity(RH)conditions.Finite element method simulation of N doped 4H-SiC NHAs in compression mode is developed to evaluate the relationship between nanohole diameter and piezoelectric performance.The density of short circuit current of the assembled PENG reaches 313 nA cm^(-2),which is 1.57 times the output of PENG based on N doped 4H-SiC nanowire arrays.The enhancement can be attributed to the existence of nanohole sidewalls in NHAs.All-weather service capability of the PENG is verified after being treated at-80/80℃and 0%/100%RH for 50 days.The PENG is promising to be widely used in practice worldwide to harvest biomechanical energy and mechanical energy.

Effects of Hydrogen Treatment in Barrier on the Electroluminescence of Green InGaN/GaN Single-Quantum-Well Light-Emitting Diodes with V-Shaped Pits Grown on Si Substrates

Effect of hydrogen （142） treatment during the GaN barrier growth on the electroluminescence performance of green InGaN/GaN single-quantum-well light-emitting diodes （LEDs） grown on Si substrates is experimentally investigated. We prepare two LED samples with different carrier gas compositions during the growth of GaN barrier. In the H2 free LED, the GaN barrier is grown in full nitrogen （N2） atmosphere. For the other H2 treated LED, a mixture of N2 and H2 was used as the carrier gas. It is observed that V-shaped pits decrease in size after H2 treatment by means of the scanning electron microscope. Due to the fact that the p n junction interface would be closer to the p-GaN as a result of smaller V-shaped pits, the tunneling barrier for holes to inject into the InGaN quantum well would become thicker after tt2 treatment. Hence, the external quantum efficiency of the H2 treated LED is lower compared to the H2 free LED. However, LEDs would exhibit a better leakage behavior after H2 treatment during the GaN barrier growth because of more effective blocking of the threading dislocations as a result of the H2 etching at V-shaped pits.

PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber films with enhanced piezoelectric performance by interfacial engineering for diversified applications

Piezoelectric silicon carbide(SiC)has been quite attractive due to its superior chemical and physical properties as well as wide potential applications.However,the inherent brittleness and unsatisfactory piezoelectric response of piezoelectric semiconductors remain the major obstacles to their diversified applications.Here,flexible multifunctional PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber films are fabricated and utilized to assemble both piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)and stress/temperature/light sensors.The open cir-cuit voltage(V_(oc))and the density of short circuit current(I_(sc))of the PENG based on the PVDF/5 wt%6H-SiC composite fiber films reach 28.94 V and 0.24μA cm^(-2),showing a significant improvement of 240%and 300%compared with that based on the pure PVDF films.The effect of 6H-SiC nanoparticles(NPs)on inducing interfacial polarization and stress concentration in composite fiber films is proved by first-principles calculation and finite element analysis.The stress/temperature/light sensors based on the composite fiber film also show high sensitivity to the corresponding stimuli.This study shows that the PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber film is a promising candidate for assembling high-performance energy harvesters and diverse sensors.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Gradient Microstructure and Tensile Property of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Fabricated 15-5 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel

This work investigated the gradient microstructure evolution and tensile property of LPBF fabricated 15-5 precipitation hardening stainless steel in post-process direct ageing(DA)and solution treating&ageing(STA).The varied microstructures for austenite and small-sized oxide inclusions at different sample heights in the as-built(AB)condition was generally preserved after DA treatment.However,austenite was almost disappeared,and oxide particle grew significantly after the STA treatment.As a result,the tensile property differences in sample top and bottom for AB and DA conditions did not occur in the STA samples.For the influence of post-process heat treatment,the STA condition had the highest yield strength due to the highest volume fraction of nano-sized Cu precipitates.However,the DA specimen had the highest ultimate tensile strength and elongation owing to the considerable amount of austenite phase and associated transformation induced plasticity effect.

Textured CsPbI_(3)nanorods composite fibers for stable high output piezoelectric energy harvester

The utilization of piezoelectric nanogenerator(PENG)based on halide perovskite materials has demonstrated significant promise for energy harvesting applications.However,the challenge of synthesizing halide perovskite materials with both high output performance and stability using a straightforward process persists as a substantial obstacle.Herein,we present the fabrication of CsPbI_(3)nanorods(NRs)exhibiting highly uniform orientation within polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)fibers through a simple texture engineering approach,marking the instance of enhancing PENG performance in this manner.The resultant composite fibers showcase a short-circuit current density(I_(sc))of 0.78μAcm^(-2)and an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 81V,representing a 2.5 fold increase compared to the previously reported highest value achieved without the electric poling process.This outstanding output performance is ascribed to the orientation of CsPbI_(3)NRs facilitated by texture engineering and dipole poling via the self-polarization effect.Additionally,the PENG exhibits exceptional thermal and water stability,rendering it suitable for deployment in diverse and challenging environmental conditions.Our findings underscore the significant potential of textured CsPbI_(3)NRs composite fibers for powering low-power consumer electronics,including commercial LEDs and electronic watches.

Multivariate relationships between microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms in laser powder bed fusion of Al-Mn-Sc alloy:towards improved fatigue performance

The effects of direct aging treatment(at 300°C for 5 hours)on selective laser melted(SLMed)Al-4.5Mn-1.5Mg-0.9Sc-0.2Zr alloy were investigated in this work,with the microstructure,fatigue behaviors,and fracture characteristics examined to determine the primary cause of fatigue crack source.The results revealed that the microstructure of the investigated alloy comprised fine equiaxed and columnar grains.Upon aging treatment,a significant number of nano-scaled Al3(Sc,Zr)precipitates were dispersed within the grains,leading to a substantial increase in strengths.The yield strength improved from 431 MPa to 568 MPa,representing an increase of more than 32%,while the fatigue strength improved from 180 MPa to 220 MPa after aging treatment.Nevertheless,the fracture toughness decreased significantly from 25.1 MPa·√m to 12.3 MPa·√m.The results of the fatigue fracture characteristics indicate that the Mn-rich phase and the formation of defects such as pores and poor powder fusion are the sources of fatigue cracking.Although direct aging treatment can significantly increase the yield strength,decrease the rate of fatigue crack propagation,and thus improve the fatigue performance,it deteriorates the fracture toughness,and thus shortens the fatigue life of the alloy as well.

Bifunctional hierarchical NiCoP@FeNi LDH nanosheet array electrocatalyst for industrial-scale high-current-density water splitting

Aiming to design and prepare non-noble metal electrocatalysts for hydrogen production at high current density(HCD),NiCoP@FeNi LDH hierarchical nanosheets were deposited on nickel foam progressively us-ing a hydrothermal-phosphorization-electrodeposition process.For hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),NiCoP@FeNi LDH/NF requires only 195 and 230 mV overpotentials to reach 1000 mA cm−2,respectively.For overall water splitting,only 1.70 V is required at 1000 mA cm−2.This is the largest value for non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts reported so far at HCD.The hierarchi-cal structure exhibits good electron transport capability and the porous-macroporous structure enhances the gas release rate,resulting in enhanced hydrogen production at HCD.Especially,the synergistic effect of NiCoP and FeNi LDH contributes to the adsorption-desorption equilibrium of intermediate radicals dur-ing the reaction process and ultimately enhances the catalytic activity.This work provides useful direction for industrial-scale hydrogen production applications at HCD.

中国经胸超声心动图检查存图及报告质控现状分析

目的通过调查经胸超声心动图检查存图标准及报告模板,旨在获取中国各地区各级医疗机构经胸超声心动图存图及报告质量控制的真实现状,为质量控制工作提供指引。方法2023年10月,心脏亚专业超声质量控制工作组在全国范围内开展经胸超声心动图检查存图及报告质量控制问卷调查,分析全国常规经胸超声心动图不同超声模式检查现况。结果调研发现常规经胸超声心动图检查存图率超过80%的二维切面包括心尖四腔心切面(98.97%)、胸骨旁左心室长轴切面(98.65%)、胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面(96.66%)、胸骨旁肺动脉长轴切面(87.96%)、心尖五腔心切面(87.19%)、胸骨旁二尖瓣水平短轴切面(83.63%)。彩色多普勒超声包括心尖四腔心切面二尖瓣前向血流及频谱(94.45%)、心尖四腔心切面三尖瓣反流及反流频谱(92.55%)、心尖五腔心切面主动脉瓣前向血流及频谱(89.50%)、心尖四腔心切面二尖瓣反流及反流频谱(87.77%)、胸骨旁肺动脉长轴切面肺动脉瓣前向血流及频谱(86.26%)、心尖五腔心切面主动脉瓣反流及反流频谱(85.36%)、胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面(85.07%)、胸骨旁左心室长轴切面(83.63%),可基本满足显示心脏腔室结构及各瓣膜血流动力学评估的要求。组织多普勒存图率二尖瓣环间隔壁、二尖瓣环侧壁、三尖瓣环右心室游离壁分别为84.40%、64.75%、25.91%。反映出部分超声医师对左心室舒张功能以及右心室收缩功能的评估未引起足够重视。对经胸超声心动图检查存图及报告最多的建议是缺乏不同心脏疾病的经胸超声心动图存图及报告标准,且需规范化培训。结论大规模调研为心脏质量控制工作的开展提供了重要依据,心脏亚专业超声质量控制组将从硬件设备、人才培训、心脏单病种质控及结构化报告模板等多方面同步开展工作。

多晶硅片PL和电池效率的对应关系

采用光致发光(PL)测试仪测试了多晶硅片的PL图像中的各参数与其制备为电池后的转换效率的关系,并分析了电池参数和PL图像参数的相互关系.采用自主编制的一款软件,分析了PL图像的黑丝比例和归一化PL强度参数,并计算对应硅片的数值结果.PL测试完成后,依次顺序制作了太阳能电池,并测试其电池效率和开路电压(V_(oc))等.实验结果表明:V_(oc)和PL图像归一化PL强度相关性良好,但与PL图像黑丝比例相关性差;而电池转换效率与PL图像归一化强度、黑丝比例相关性均不强.其原因是PL光致发光主要测试的硅片材料性能与电池V_(oc)相关,而电池转换效率不仅受硅基材的影响,还受电池工艺的影响,比如制绒工艺、扩散工艺、镀膜工艺等.本文利用半导体相关原理推导出了电池V_(oc)和归一化PL强度的相关性表达式,从原理上证明了归一化PL强度与电池V_(oc)的相关性,表明归一化PL强度与多晶硅片质量具有更高的相关性,更具指导意义.

In-situ study on hydrogen bubble evolution in the liquid Al/solid Ni interconnection by synchrotron radiation X-ray radiography

Synchrotron X-ray radiography was used to carry out an in-situ observation of the hydrogen bubble evolution in the liquid Al/solid Ni interconnection. The individual bubble mainly grows in a stochastic way during heating. The size distribution for groups of bubbles follows a Gaussian distribution in the early stage and Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner(LSW) diffusion controlled distribution in the final stage. The intermetallic compounds(IMCs) first form during solidification, following by the hydrogen bubbles. The bubbles between two adjacent Al3Ni grains grow unidirectionally along the liquid channel, with the bottom being impeded by the Al3Ni phase and the radius of the growth front being smaller. For the bubbles at triple junctions, they grow along the liquid channel and the crack with morphology transition.

Fine equiaxed β grains and superior tensile property in Ti-6Al-4V alloy deposited by coaxial electron beam wire feeding additive manufacturing

Coarse columnar β grains result in anisotropic mechanical properties in Ti alloys deposited by additive manufacturing. This study reports that Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by coaxial electron beam wire feeding additive manufacturing presents a weak anisotropy, high strength and ductility. The superior tensile property arises from a microstructure with fine equiaxed β grains(EGβ), discontinuous grain boundary α phase and short intragranular α lamellae. A large region of fine EGβ arises from a special combination of the temperature gradient and solidification rate, and attractive α morphology is caused by solid phase transformations during interpass thermal cycling and post heat treatments.

Boosting triplet self-trapped exciton emission in Te(IV)-doped Cs_(2)SnCl_(6) perovskite variants

Perovskite variants have attracted wide interest because of the lead-free nature and strong self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. Divalent Sn(II) in CsSnX3 perovskites is easily oxidized to tetravalent Sn(IV), and the resulted Cs2SnCl6 vacancy-ordered perovskite variant exhibits poor photoluminescence property although it has a direct band gap. Controllable doping is an effective strategy to regulate the optical properties of Cs2SnX6. Herein, combining the first principles calculation and spectral analysis, we attempted to understand the luminescence mechanism of Te4+-doped Cs2SnCl6 lead-free perovskite variants. The chemical potential and defect formation energy are calculated to confirm theoretically the feasible substitutability of tetravalent Te4+ ions in Cs2SnCl6 lattices for the Sn-site. Through analysis of the absorption, emission/excitation, and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, the intense green-yellow emission in Te4+:Cs2SnCl6 was considered to originate from the triplet Te(IV) ion 3P1→1S0 STE recombination. Temperature-dependent PL spectra demonstrated the strong electron-phonon coupling that inducing an evident lattice distortion to produce STEs. We further calculated the electronic band structure and molecular orbital levels to reveal the underlying photophysical process. These results will shed light on the doping modulated luminescence properties in stable lead-free Cs2MX6 vacancy-ordered perovskite variants and be helpful to understand the optical properties and physical processes of doped perovskite variants.