Two japonica rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars, Xiushui 48 and S. Andrea, differing in their ability to accumulate Se in the grain (as high as a three-fold difference), were compared for selenium (Se) accumulation in t...Two japonica rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars, Xiushui 48 and S. Andrea, differing in their ability to accumulate Se in the grain (as high as a three-fold difference), were compared for selenium (Se) accumulation in their shoots when their growth media was supplied with different forms of Se. Results indicated that when treated with 0.25μmol L-1 Na2SeO3, Xiushui 48 accumulation of Se in the shoots was significantly more rapid (P≤0.05) than S. Andrea, probably because of greater Se uptake and transport in Xiushui 48. Xiushui 48 rice seedlings had a higher shoot-Se accumulation rate and absorbed selenocysteine (Se-Cys) more rapidly than S. Andrea seedlings. However, when treated with Se as 0.25 f33mol L-1 selenomethionine (Se-Met), the S. Andrea seedlings' accumulation rate was significantly greater (P≤0.05) than that of Xiushui 48. Possibly, the high Se accumulation rate of Xiushui 48 seedling shoots compared to S. Andrea shoots was the result of a higher capacity of Xiushui 48 to transform selenite to organic Se compounds and a higher selenite uptake rate.展开更多
Rice grows in flooded paddy fields and takes up ammonium as the preferred nitrogen （N） source. Ammonium uptake is facilitated by a family of integral membrane proteins known as ammonium transporters found in all dom...Rice grows in flooded paddy fields and takes up ammonium as the preferred nitrogen （N） source. Ammonium uptake is facilitated by a family of integral membrane proteins known as ammonium transporters found in all domains of life. However, the molecular mechanism and functional characteristics of the ammonium transporters （AMT） in rice have not been determined in detail yet. In this review, we report a genome-wide search for AMT genes in rice, resulting in the increase of the number of potential AMT proteins to at least 12, including members of both the alpha and beta sub-groups. Analysis of the predicted protein sequences for the 12 OsAMT proteins identified many conserved phosphorylation sites in both the alpha and beta group members, which could potentially play a role in controlling the activity of the transporters. Present knowledge of the expression of rice AMT genes is also summarized in detail. Future studies should focus on the structural and functional characteristics of OsAMT proteins to provide insight into the mechanism of ammonium uptake and its regulation in rice. Such research could improve utilization and decrease wastage of N fertilizer in rice cultivation.展开更多
Ascorbate peroxidases (APX), localized in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of plant cells, catalyze the reduction of H2O2 to water by using ascorbic acid as the specific electron donor. To deter...Ascorbate peroxidases (APX), localized in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of plant cells, catalyze the reduction of H2O2 to water by using ascorbic acid as the specific electron donor. To determine the role of peroxisomal type ascorbate peroxidase (pAPX), an antioxidant enzyme, in protection against salt-induced oxidative stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant carrying a pAPX gene (HvAPX1) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was analyzed. The transgenic line pAPX3 was found to be more tolerant to salt stress than the wild type. Irrespective of salt stress, there were no significant differences in Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents and the ratio of K+ to Na+ between pAPX3 and the wild type. Clearly, the salt tolerance in pAPX3 was not due to the maintenance and reestablishment of cellular ion homeostasis. However, the degree of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (measured as the levels of malondialdehyde) accumulation under salt stress was higher in the wild type than in pAPX3. The mechanism of salt tolerance in transgenic pAPX3 can thus be explained by reduction of oxidative stress injury. Under all conditions tested, activities of superoxide, glutathione reductase, and catalase were not significantly different between pAPX3 and the wild type. In contrast, the activity of APX was significantly higher in the transgenic plant than in wild type under salt stress. These results suggested that in higher plants, HvAPX1 played an important role in salt tolerance and was a candidate gene for developing salt-tolerant crop plants.展开更多
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was very low in China and a loss of as much as 70% of the applied nitrogen fertilizers was reported in high-yielding rice fields. In order to investigate the molecular basis of high-affin...Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was very low in China and a loss of as much as 70% of the applied nitrogen fertilizers was reported in high-yielding rice fields. In order to investigate the molecular basis of high-affinity ammonium transport or uptake into rice (Oryza sativa L.), we analyzed the expression profiles of nine ammonium transporters (AMT), three each of OsAMT1, OsAMT2 and OsAMT3, at two different N requirement stages (young seedling stage and tillering stage) of rice growth as well as the changes in these expression patterns according to external N status using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results suggested that the nine OsAMT genes were expressed in different organs of rice plants, including mature roots, new roots, stems, old leaves and new leaves and that the expression patterns were organ specific and independent of the positions of the corresponding proteins in the phylogenetic tree. OsAMT1;1, 3;2 and 3;3 were expressed in the roots and shoots, primarily old leaves, OsAMT1;2 and 1;3 mainly in the roots, and OsAMT2;1, 2;2, 2;3 and 3;1 mainly in the shoots, primarily in new leaves, and relatively more in the stems than other genes. The expression patterns at the two different N requirement stages were the same; however, at the tillering stage with greater N requirements, the OsAMTs transcript levels were greater than those at the young seedling stage with low N requirements. N starvation for 48 h up-regulated OsAMT1;1, 1;2, 3;1, 3;2, 3;3 and down-regulated OsAMT1;3 mRNA abundance. Following N starvation, NH+4 and NH4NO3 re-supply down-regulated OsAMT1;2 and 3;3 and up-regulated OsAMT1;3, whereas NO3- re-supply down-regulated OsAMT1;1 and 1;2. These suggested that the organ-specific expression pattern of OsAMT could be regulated by N requirement and external N status.展开更多
In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-ter...In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0-60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μ g N m 2 h 1 ; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO3-N and NH+4 -N contents at depths of 0-20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0-10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.展开更多
Most studies on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in paddy soils were conducted in the laboratory and in situ studies are in need for better understanding of the DNRA process.In this study,in situ inc...Most studies on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in paddy soils were conducted in the laboratory and in situ studies are in need for better understanding of the DNRA process.In this study,in situ incubations of soil DNRA using 15 N tracer were carried out in paddy fields under conventional water (CW) and low water (LW) managements to explore the potential of soil DNRA after liquid cattle waste (LCW) application and to investigate the impacts of soil redox potential (Eh) and labile carbon on DNRA.DNRA rates ranged from 3.06 to 10.40 mg N kg 1 dry soil d 1,which accounted for 8.55%-12.36% and 3.88%-25.44% of consumption of added NO 3-15 N when Eh at 5 cm soil depth ranged from 230 to 414 mV and 225 to 65 mV,respectively.DNRA rates showed no significant difference in paddy soils under two water managements although soil Eh and/or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were more favorable for DNRA in the paddy soil under CW management 1 d before,or 5 and 7 d after LCW application.Soil DNRA rates were negatively correlated with soil Eh (P < 0.05,n=5) but positively correlated with soil DOC (P < 0.05,n=5) in the paddy soil under LW management,while no significant correlations were shown in the paddy soil under CW management.The potential of DNRA measured in situ was consistent with previous laboratory studies;and the controlling factors of DNRA in paddy soils might be different under different water managements,probably due to the presence of different microfloras of DNRA.展开更多
Background Despite recent reports on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal infections in China,clinical isolates have been mostly reported from human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）-negative patients,and environme...Background Despite recent reports on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal infections in China,clinical isolates have been mostly reported from human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）-negative patients,and environmental isolates from China have rarely been included.The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological profile of Cryptococcus （C.）neoformans and C.gattii in China.Methods A survey was performed in 10 cities from 20°N （North latitude） to 50°N and in a Eucalyptus （E.） camaldulensis forestry farm at the Guixi forestry center,China.Results Six hundred and twenty samples of pigeon droppings from 10 cities and 819 E.camaldulensis tree samples were collected and inoculated on caffeic acid cornmeal agar （CACA）.The brown-colored colonies were recultured to observe their morphology,growth on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol-blue （CGB） medium,phenol oxidase and urease activities,serotype and mating type.There were obvious differences in the positive sample rates of C.neoformans in pigeon droppings collected from the different cities,ranging from 50% in the cities located at latitudes from 30°N-40°N,29% at 20°N-30°N and 13% at 40°N-50°N.Conclusions There were no differences in positive bevy rates （approximately 80%） among the three grouped cities.Mycological tests of 101 isolates purified from pigeon droppings revealed that they were C.neoformans var.grubii.We also observed variable capsular size around the C.neoformans cells in colonies with variable melanin production and the bio-adhesion of the natural C.neoformans cells with other microorganisms.One urease-negative C.neoformans isolatewas isolated from pigeon droppings in Jinan city.No C.gattiiwas isolated in this study.展开更多
Plants adapt to phosphorus (P) deficiency through a complex of biological processes and many genes are involved. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Hezuo906') plants were selected to grown hydroponically to stud...Plants adapt to phosphorus (P) deficiency through a complex of biological processes and many genes are involved. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Hezuo906') plants were selected to grown hydroponically to study the temporal and spatial gene expression patterns of the 14-3-3 gene family and their roles in response to P deficiency in tomato plants. Using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we investigated the expression profiles in different tissues (root, stem and leaf) at short-term and long-term P-deficient stress phases. Results revealed that i) four members of 14-3-3 gene family (TFT1, TFT4, TFT6 and TFT7) were involved in the adaptation of tomato plants to P deficiency, ii) TFT7 responded quickly to P deficiency in the root, while TFT6 responded slowly to P deficiency in the leaf, iii) expression response of TFT4 to P-deficient stress was widely distributed in different tissues (root, stem and leaf) while TFT8 only displayed stem-specific expression, and iv) temporal and tissues-specific expression patterns to P deficiency suggested that isoform specificity existed in tomato 14-3-3 gene family. We propose that TFT7 (one member of ε-like group in tomato 14-3-3 family) is the early responsive gene and may play a role in the adaptation of tomato plants to shortterm P deficiency, while TFT6 (one member of non-ε group in tomato 14-3-3 family) is the later responsive gene and may play a role in the adaptation of tomato plants to long-term P deficiency.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371063)the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation of China (No. G1999011808).
文摘Two japonica rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars, Xiushui 48 and S. Andrea, differing in their ability to accumulate Se in the grain (as high as a three-fold difference), were compared for selenium (Se) accumulation in their shoots when their growth media was supplied with different forms of Se. Results indicated that when treated with 0.25μmol L-1 Na2SeO3, Xiushui 48 accumulation of Se in the shoots was significantly more rapid (P≤0.05) than S. Andrea, probably because of greater Se uptake and transport in Xiushui 48. Xiushui 48 rice seedlings had a higher shoot-Se accumulation rate and absorbed selenocysteine (Se-Cys) more rapidly than S. Andrea seedlings. However, when treated with Se as 0.25 f33mol L-1 selenomethionine (Se-Met), the S. Andrea seedlings' accumulation rate was significantly greater (P≤0.05) than that of Xiushui 48. Possibly, the high Se accumulation rate of Xiushui 48 seedling shoots compared to S. Andrea shoots was the result of a higher capacity of Xiushui 48 to transform selenite to organic Se compounds and a higher selenite uptake rate.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (No.2002AA601012).
文摘在厌氧的条件下面，铁的氢氧化物在米饭根的表面上扔并且影响某些营养素的举起和 translocation。在现在的学习，米饭植物在 Fe 缺乏或足够的答案是有教养的并且为 2 h 在中等包含硒(Se ) 放了。然后， FeSO4 在 0， 10， 40，或 70 mg L 的各种各样的集中被增加 ? 1 被监视在根表面和 Se 的随后的举起上导致铁匾的变化层次。Se 的举起被铁匾禁止，与与导致的匾的数量成正比的效果。半胱氨酸 synthase 的活动与在根上增加铁匾的数量被减少。这可以是为 Se translocation 的铁匾抑制的重要原因。在铁匾的每水平， Fe 缺乏的米饭比 Fe 足够的米饭有更多的 Se。而且，由 20 mg Fe L 与匾导致了 ? 1，从 Fe 缺乏的媒介的植物从 Fe 足够的媒介比那些积累了更多的 Se，， Se 集中从 10 ～ 30 或 50 mg L 被增加 ? 1。我们发现了那 phytosiderophores，高度有效的铁 chelating 代理人，能使放出从 ferrihydrite 的亚硒酸盐。Fe 缺乏的米饭的根流出物，特别在流出物的 phytosiderophores，能用铁由米饭植物提高 Se 举起匾。
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20070421031)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB109303)Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSCX2-YW-N-002)
文摘Rice grows in flooded paddy fields and takes up ammonium as the preferred nitrogen （N） source. Ammonium uptake is facilitated by a family of integral membrane proteins known as ammonium transporters found in all domains of life. However, the molecular mechanism and functional characteristics of the ammonium transporters （AMT） in rice have not been determined in detail yet. In this review, we report a genome-wide search for AMT genes in rice, resulting in the increase of the number of potential AMT proteins to at least 12, including members of both the alpha and beta sub-groups. Analysis of the predicted protein sequences for the 12 OsAMT proteins identified many conserved phosphorylation sites in both the alpha and beta group members, which could potentially play a role in controlling the activity of the transporters. Present knowledge of the expression of rice AMT genes is also summarized in detail. Future studies should focus on the structural and functional characteristics of OsAMT proteins to provide insight into the mechanism of ammonium uptake and its regulation in rice. Such research could improve utilization and decrease wastage of N fertilizer in rice cultivation.
基金a grant of CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Research Program on Soil Biosystems and Agro-Product Safety (No.CXTD-Z2005-4)the Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS (No.KZCX3-SW-439).
文摘Ascorbate peroxidases (APX), localized in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of plant cells, catalyze the reduction of H2O2 to water by using ascorbic acid as the specific electron donor. To determine the role of peroxisomal type ascorbate peroxidase (pAPX), an antioxidant enzyme, in protection against salt-induced oxidative stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant carrying a pAPX gene (HvAPX1) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was analyzed. The transgenic line pAPX3 was found to be more tolerant to salt stress than the wild type. Irrespective of salt stress, there were no significant differences in Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents and the ratio of K+ to Na+ between pAPX3 and the wild type. Clearly, the salt tolerance in pAPX3 was not due to the maintenance and reestablishment of cellular ion homeostasis. However, the degree of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (measured as the levels of malondialdehyde) accumulation under salt stress was higher in the wild type than in pAPX3. The mechanism of salt tolerance in transgenic pAPX3 can thus be explained by reduction of oxidative stress injury. Under all conditions tested, activities of superoxide, glutathione reductase, and catalase were not significantly different between pAPX3 and the wild type. In contrast, the activity of APX was significantly higher in the transgenic plant than in wild type under salt stress. These results suggested that in higher plants, HvAPX1 played an important role in salt tolerance and was a candidate gene for developing salt-tolerant crop plants.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30800702)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB109303)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2012BAD15B03)
文摘Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was very low in China and a loss of as much as 70% of the applied nitrogen fertilizers was reported in high-yielding rice fields. In order to investigate the molecular basis of high-affinity ammonium transport or uptake into rice (Oryza sativa L.), we analyzed the expression profiles of nine ammonium transporters (AMT), three each of OsAMT1, OsAMT2 and OsAMT3, at two different N requirement stages (young seedling stage and tillering stage) of rice growth as well as the changes in these expression patterns according to external N status using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results suggested that the nine OsAMT genes were expressed in different organs of rice plants, including mature roots, new roots, stems, old leaves and new leaves and that the expression patterns were organ specific and independent of the positions of the corresponding proteins in the phylogenetic tree. OsAMT1;1, 3;2 and 3;3 were expressed in the roots and shoots, primarily old leaves, OsAMT1;2 and 1;3 mainly in the roots, and OsAMT2;1, 2;2, 2;3 and 3;1 mainly in the shoots, primarily in new leaves, and relatively more in the stems than other genes. The expression patterns at the two different N requirement stages were the same; however, at the tillering stage with greater N requirements, the OsAMTs transcript levels were greater than those at the young seedling stage with low N requirements. N starvation for 48 h up-regulated OsAMT1;1, 1;2, 3;1, 3;2, 3;3 and down-regulated OsAMT1;3 mRNA abundance. Following N starvation, NH+4 and NH4NO3 re-supply down-regulated OsAMT1;2 and 3;3 and up-regulated OsAMT1;3, whereas NO3- re-supply down-regulated OsAMT1;1 and 1;2. These suggested that the organ-specific expression pattern of OsAMT could be regulated by N requirement and external N status.
基金Supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (No. 09000075)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30821140542)
文摘In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0-60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μ g N m 2 h 1 ; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO3-N and NH+4 -N contents at depths of 0-20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0-10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30821140542)the Japan Science and Technology Agency (No. 09000075)
文摘Most studies on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in paddy soils were conducted in the laboratory and in situ studies are in need for better understanding of the DNRA process.In this study,in situ incubations of soil DNRA using 15 N tracer were carried out in paddy fields under conventional water (CW) and low water (LW) managements to explore the potential of soil DNRA after liquid cattle waste (LCW) application and to investigate the impacts of soil redox potential (Eh) and labile carbon on DNRA.DNRA rates ranged from 3.06 to 10.40 mg N kg 1 dry soil d 1,which accounted for 8.55%-12.36% and 3.88%-25.44% of consumption of added NO 3-15 N when Eh at 5 cm soil depth ranged from 230 to 414 mV and 225 to 65 mV,respectively.DNRA rates showed no significant difference in paddy soils under two water managements although soil Eh and/or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were more favorable for DNRA in the paddy soil under CW management 1 d before,or 5 and 7 d after LCW application.Soil DNRA rates were negatively correlated with soil Eh (P < 0.05,n=5) but positively correlated with soil DOC (P < 0.05,n=5) in the paddy soil under LW management,while no significant correlations were shown in the paddy soil under CW management.The potential of DNRA measured in situ was consistent with previous laboratory studies;and the controlling factors of DNRA in paddy soils might be different under different water managements,probably due to the presence of different microfloras of DNRA.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.80171335,No.30970130）,the PLA Clinical High-tech Major Projects Fund （No.2010gxjs063）,and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Fund （No.10dz2220100）.
文摘Background Despite recent reports on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal infections in China,clinical isolates have been mostly reported from human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）-negative patients,and environmental isolates from China have rarely been included.The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological profile of Cryptococcus （C.）neoformans and C.gattii in China.Methods A survey was performed in 10 cities from 20°N （North latitude） to 50°N and in a Eucalyptus （E.） camaldulensis forestry farm at the Guixi forestry center,China.Results Six hundred and twenty samples of pigeon droppings from 10 cities and 819 E.camaldulensis tree samples were collected and inoculated on caffeic acid cornmeal agar （CACA）.The brown-colored colonies were recultured to observe their morphology,growth on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol-blue （CGB） medium,phenol oxidase and urease activities,serotype and mating type.There were obvious differences in the positive sample rates of C.neoformans in pigeon droppings collected from the different cities,ranging from 50% in the cities located at latitudes from 30°N-40°N,29% at 20°N-30°N and 13% at 40°N-50°N.Conclusions There were no differences in positive bevy rates （approximately 80%） among the three grouped cities.Mycological tests of 101 isolates purified from pigeon droppings revealed that they were C.neoformans var.grubii.We also observed variable capsular size around the C.neoformans cells in colonies with variable melanin production and the bio-adhesion of the natural C.neoformans cells with other microorganisms.One urease-negative C.neoformans isolatewas isolated from pigeon droppings in Jinan city.No C.gattiiwas isolated in this study.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31272229 and 41171234)the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2013CB127402)
文摘Plants adapt to phosphorus (P) deficiency through a complex of biological processes and many genes are involved. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Hezuo906') plants were selected to grown hydroponically to study the temporal and spatial gene expression patterns of the 14-3-3 gene family and their roles in response to P deficiency in tomato plants. Using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we investigated the expression profiles in different tissues (root, stem and leaf) at short-term and long-term P-deficient stress phases. Results revealed that i) four members of 14-3-3 gene family (TFT1, TFT4, TFT6 and TFT7) were involved in the adaptation of tomato plants to P deficiency, ii) TFT7 responded quickly to P deficiency in the root, while TFT6 responded slowly to P deficiency in the leaf, iii) expression response of TFT4 to P-deficient stress was widely distributed in different tissues (root, stem and leaf) while TFT8 only displayed stem-specific expression, and iv) temporal and tissues-specific expression patterns to P deficiency suggested that isoform specificity existed in tomato 14-3-3 gene family. We propose that TFT7 (one member of ε-like group in tomato 14-3-3 family) is the early responsive gene and may play a role in the adaptation of tomato plants to shortterm P deficiency, while TFT6 (one member of non-ε group in tomato 14-3-3 family) is the later responsive gene and may play a role in the adaptation of tomato plants to long-term P deficiency.
