基于PCAS软件对孔隙结构的定量表征——以川北地区广元千佛崖组砂岩为例

使用川北地区广元千佛崖组砂岩薄片图像样品,开展基于孔、裂隙分析系统(PCAS)定量表征孔隙结构的研究,并探讨如何提升PCAS识别孔隙度的精度。研究表明:使用PCAS默认的单阈值分割法,识别的孔隙与人工圈定的孔隙范围不一致,并且孔隙度偏高,为31.21%。为了提高软件的识别效果,使用Adobe Photoshop对图像进行初步优化,然后采用多阈值分割法,根据孔隙的颜色差异设置各阈值的容差,最终得出孔隙度为14.18%,孔隙识别正确且内部结构更加完整,说明以上操作能够显著提升软件的识别效果。将优化后的孔隙度与默认的单阈值分割法识别的孔隙度、薄片估算的面孔率进行对比,发现优化后的孔隙度与薄片估算的孔隙度接近,仅相差1%~2%,并且参考邻区储层物性测试所得孔隙度,可确定该结果具有一定准确性。此外,PCAS还能快速、准确地提取各种孔隙特征参数,对于孔隙成因、孔隙评价、赋孔特征、赋气机制、渗流网络等研究具有重要意义。这些结果证实了PCAS软件在定量表征孔隙方面的潜力。

冶力关国家地质公园崩滑—碎屑流危险性评价初探

“崩滑—碎屑流”是包含有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流的一类特殊运动形式,具有速度快、滑程远、危险性高等特征,确定其分布区域是进行灾害防治的基础。冶力关国家地质公园地处青藏高原东北缘,区内地质环境条件复杂,中小规模崩滑—碎屑流在园区局部呈密集分布。选取11个相关影响因素,借助ArcGIS与maxEnt进行崩滑—碎屑流的危险性评价。结果表明:崩滑—碎屑流主要发育在石炭纪、二叠纪地层中,基岩表面多裸露、破碎,物源类型以风化岩质为主;极高危险区与高危险区位于研究区的西北部和南部,占总面积的8.71%;maxEnt训练数据集的AUC值为0.982,测试数据集的AUC值为0.964,灾害点密度随危险性等级的升高而增加,与危险性等级的划分原则相符。该研究结果反映了在高寒气候环境下,极低的地表温度与反复冻融的冻胀力不直接诱发崩滑—碎屑流,但昼夜温差与季节性温差可能加速了岩土体的崩解变形与裂隙扩大,同时maxEnt的高精度评价能够为同类型地质公园的灾害治理及其评价提供借鉴。

耦合模型视角下的湘西州土质滑坡易发性探讨

在我国的滑坡灾害研究中,确定滑坡的易发性区域是重要的科学问题,也是进行灾害预警与管理的基础。以武陵山区滑坡灾害频发的湘西州为研究区,首先借助信息量法与BP神经网络建立土质滑坡易发性模型,通过量化9个影响因子对土质滑坡的贡献率,探讨土质滑坡易发性的主导因素和空间分布特征。结果表明:岩石坚硬程度、地形起伏度、年降雨量是土质滑坡的主控因子,地貌类型、坡度、土壤侵蚀强度对土质滑坡的发育产生较大影响;超过90%的灾害点位于中、高易发区,主要分布于研究区的西北部、东南部;灾害发生比率随易发性等级的升高而增加,与灾害等级的划分原则相符、与实际情况吻合;ROC检验曲线呈明显的"凸"型,AUC值为0.76。基于此,信息量法与BP神经网络的耦合模型可为相关部门制定有效的减灾措施提供科学参考。

我国构造地貌学研究热点及趋势探讨:基于中文文献计量学的视角

构造地貌学作为地球科学领域的新兴学科,具有独特的资源环境意义与科学内涵。通过中文文献计量学手段,对1956—2019年间收录于知网的构造地貌学领域的学术论文进行分析,尤其是近10年来重点报道的研究成果,探讨相关的研究热点与趋势。关键词与共词分析结果显示,我国构造地貌学的显著特征是与大地构造单元、地震活动紧密联系,构造地质学、地貌学、地球物理学和地理信息科学贡献了构造地貌学进展的主要部分,且研究热点在持续更新,能源盆地的古地理特征、多影响因素的耦合作用、沉积过程的响应是比较突出的研究亮点。最后,分析了我国构造地貌学的主要研究趋势和方向,并提出简要见解。

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity.This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil.Using the indoor soil column method,we studied the effects of three application patterns(A(0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil),B(0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil),and C(0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)),four application amounts(0%(control,CK),1%,2%,and 4%of mixed-based biochar in dry soil),and two particle sizes(0.05-0.25 mm(S1)and<0.05 mm(S2))of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil.We separately used five infiltration models(the Philip,Kostiakov,Horton,USDA-NRCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service),and Kostiakov-Lewis models)to fit cumulative infiltration and time.Compared with CK,the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration.Under application patterns A,B,and C,the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were,the lower the migration speed of the wetting front.With the same application amount,cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest.Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example,the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%(S2),A4%(S1),A4%(S2),A1%(S1),C2%(S1),and B1%(S1)were higher than 30%,which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth.The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size(R2>0.980),but the R2 values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments(except for the treatment B2%(S2)).Compared with CK,all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration,except for B4%(S2).With the same application amount,cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small.Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation.The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%(S1),C4%(S2),C2%(S1),and C2%(S2)were over 15.00%.Therefore,applying 2%of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer(10-20 cm)could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation.Moreover,application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation.Further,there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process(application amount×particle size with the most important interaction),while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process.The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.