New Mesozoic Mesopsychidae (Mecoptera) from Northeastern China

The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard, 1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia, South Africa and Eurasia. In the present paper one new genus and three new species of fossil mesopsychids are described that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family. This finding documents the first formal record of fossil Mesopsychidae in China. Both Lichnomesopsyche gloriae gen. et sp. nov. and L. daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov. were found from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, whereas Vitimopsyche kozlovi sp. nov., of mid Early Cretaceous age, was collected from the Jehol Biota of northern Hebei Province. This new, wellpreserved material from China reveals complete and previously unknown body features, including head, antennae, mouthparts, legs and abdomen. The delicate and long proboscides of these new taxa indicate that they were feeding on externally exposed, nutrient-rich fluids of gymnospermous ovulate fructifications, and incapable of piercing surface epidermis - attributable principally to the absence of stylets. These proboscides originated, perhaps multiply, among basal Mecoptera and are functionally and structurally convergent with equivalent mouthparts borne by fossil and extant Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Coleoptera.

Late Mesozoic Chresmodids with Forewing from Inner Mongolia, China (Polyneoptera: Archaeorthoptera)

Three new species of Chresmodidae are described. They belong to two different genera： Chresmoda multinervis sp. nov., Chresmoda shihi sp. nov. and Jurachresmoda sanyica sp. nov.. A study of the forewing venation is provided. Longitudinal veins are mostly parallel; costal area is broad at the basal and narrowing distally; ScP is probably extending close to the wing apex; R is parallel at length to ScP; MA is running close to R, with two long parallel branches; MA branched-off basally; while MP is not branched until the middle of the wing. However, the important basal part of MP and CuP is poorly preserved. In addition, unique fringing hairs on the mid legs of C. shihi sp. nov. and J. sanyica sp. nov. are described and compared with Jurachresmoda gaskelli Zhang, Ren and Shih, 2008.

A New Species of the Family Juraperlidae (Insecta:Grylloblattida) from the Middle Jurassic of China

Juraperla grandis sp. nov. （Grylloblattida： Juraperlidae） is described from the Daohugou locality （Middle Jurassic, China）. Its wing venation is very similar to that ofJuraperla daohugouensis Huang and Nd, 2007 （Grylloblattida： Juraperlidae）, in the particular occurrence of a supplementary longitudinal vein in the area between the anterior wing margin and ScP. The larger size of the new specimen, the lower number of CuA1 branches, and the occurrence of two rows of cells between MP and CuA in forewings justify the erection of a new species, J. grandis sp. nov.. The material also preserved hind wing and body structures, described for the first time in Juraperlidae.

New Jurassic Pseudopolycentropodids from China (Insecta: Mecoptera)

In this paper two new species of fossil Pseudopolycentropus Handlirsch, 1906 are described： Pseudopolycentropus janeannae sp. nov. and P. novokshonovi, sp. nov. All of them were recovered from the Middle Jurassic non-marine sedimentary strata of northeastern China. The new material from China reveals that the early diversification of pseudopolycentropodids was well underway by the Middle Jurassic.

Three New Stoneflies (Insecta:Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning,China

Three new genera and species Archaeoperla rarissimus gen. et sp. nov. （Perlidae）, Liaotaenionema tenuitibia gen. et sp. nov. （Taeniopterygidae） and Parvinemoura parvus gen. et sp. nov. （？Nemouridae） are described and illustrated. All of them were collected from Yixian Formation of the western Liaoning, China. Hitherto, A. rarissimus is the oldest species possessing typical characters of Perlidae; the finding of L. tenuitibia indicates taeniopterygids once lived in the northeastern China in the late Mesozoic, but frequent volcanic activities, climate changes, or other environmental changes might have resulted in the disappearance of Taeniopterygidae in northern China after Mesozoic. Ancestral groups of Nemouridae have been abundant from Middle Jurassic, and male genitalia of P. parvus gen. et sp. nov. has been developed and similar to extant Nemouridae in the late Mesozoic. The stonefly fossils found from Yixian Formation are not divers at the species level, but rich at the family level. The diversity of stonefly implies different microclimate existed in the northeastern China at that time. A large old lacustrine basin existed in the western Liaoning, surrounded by hygrophilous plants on swampland and lake shore, warm and humid; tall arbor and boscage on the hillside nearby, mild and dry; mountains in the distance, rivulets running among the mountains, cool and wet. Many insects, prefer cool climate （e.g. stonefly, raphidiopterans, et ai.）, lived in the mountains with rivulets.

New Species of Cimbrophlebiidae(Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China

Four new species of three genera in the family Cimbrophlebiidae, Telobittacus decorus sp.nov., Bellicimbrophlebia heteroneura sp.nov., Cimbrophlebia amoena sp.nov., and Cimbrophlebia gracilenta sp.nov., are described and illustrated based on eleven well-preserved fossil specimens.These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China.This is the first record of the genus Cimbrophlebia in the Jurassic extending its age from the Lower Cretaceous to the Middle Jurassic.Due to same venational characters, we propose that an undescribed fossil specimen of Cimbrophlebiidae from the Jurassic of Germany is attributed to C.gracilenta sp.nov.Our new findings demonstrate an evolutionary trend of venational change from 185 to 50 Ma that the level of the bifurcation of Rs is gradually moving toward the base of wing in reference to the bifurcation of M.

New Fossil Beetles of the Family Ommatidae (Coleoptera: Archostemata) from the Jehol Biota of China

A new genus with one new species and five new species of genus Amblomma of fossil ommatids are described and illustrated： Euryomma tylodes gen. et sp. nov., Amblomma cyclodonta sp. nov., Amblomma miniscula sp. nov., Amblomma porrecta sp. nov., Amblomma eumeura sp. nov., and Amblomma protensa sp. nov. All of them were collected from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. A key to the species of Amblomma is given. The wide epipleural space shows that Euryomma may be a primitive genus in Ommatidae. Many different species of Amblomma occurred within the same sedimentary horizon in this area could be environmental changes caused by frequent volcanic activities during the deposition of the Yixian Formation.

Two New Wasps (Hymenoptera:Stephanoidea:Ephialtitidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China

Two new species of wasps belonging to the family Ephialtitidae,Praeproapocritusflexus sp.nov.and Proapocritus parallelus sp.nov.,from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of southeastern Inner Mongolia,China,are described and illustrated.Praeproapocritus vulgates Rasnitsyn ＆ Zhang,2010 and six species of Proapocritus,P.densipediculus,P.sculptus,P.longantennatus,P.formosus,P.atropus,and P.elegans,all described by Rasnitsyn and Zhang in 2010,are first record from the Middle Jurassic of China.These two new findings supplement the morphological understanding of ephialtitids in the Middle Jurassic of China and broaden the diversity of ephialtitids in their by-gone ecosystems.

New Fossils of Eoptychopteridae (Diptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China

Three new species of the extinct genus of Eoptychopterina from the Eoptychopteridae family, Eoptychopterina antica sp. nov., Eoptychopterina adnexa sp. nov., and Eoptychopterina mediata sp. nov., are described and illustrated. These three new species are established based on fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. All were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Based on the new materials, the name of two species in Eoptychopterina from China-Eoptychopterina elenae Ren and Krzeminski and Eoptychopterina gigantea Zbang-is sysnonymum junius.

New Primitive Fossil Earwig from Daohugou,Inner Mongolia,China(Insecta:Dermaptera:Archidermaptera)

A new genus and species Palaeodermapteron dicranum gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Dermapterinae and family Dermapteridae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia in China. This article documents the earliest record of fossil earwig, extending the earwig existence to the Middle Jurassic. Detailed description and illustration of the specimen along with a brief review of the subfamily Dermapterinae are given. Evolutional trend of earwig morphology and its associated living environment are also discussed.

New Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera:Proctotrupoidea:Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning,China

Three well-preserved fossil Pelecinids from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation,Liaoning Province,China are described and assigned to two new species,Eopelecinus huangi sp.nov.and Eopelecinus tumidus sp.nov.in Eopelecinus Zhang,Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002.As of now,17 species have been included in this genus,which is the most diverse in the Pelecinidae family.With new information and characters obtained from these new specimens,the diagnosis of Eopelecinus Zhang, Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002 is emended.

A New Mesopsychid (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China

The family Mesopsychidae Tillyard, 1917 presently consists of ten described genera from the Early Permian to the Early Cretaceous of Australia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, South Africa, Tajikistan, and Ukraine. Herein, a new genus and a new species of fossil mesopsyehid, Epicharmesopsyche pentavenulosa gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, supplementing the family-level diversity. The well-preserved, new material reveals many characters, including antennae, wing venation, shape and genitalia that increase our morphological understanding of the family, although unfortunately the mouthparts and most of the legs are not preserved. Diagnosis of the Mesopsychidae is emended to include a four- or five-branched MP in both the fore- and hind wings. This is the first documentation of a wing coupling structure in the Mesopsychidae, consisting of three to four frenula bristles on the humeral lobe at the base of the costal margin of both hind wings. Asymmetrical shape and size of the left and right wings on a specimen of E. pentavenulosa gen. et sp. nov., seems to be a common condition for mesopsychid taxa from northeastern China.

A New Axymyiid Genus with Two New Species from the Middle Jurassic of China (Diptera: Nematocera: Axymyiidae)

The Axymyiidae is one of the small families of the suborder Nematocera within the Diptera. Up to date, three genera and seven species of extant axymyiids have been described from the Holarctic Region, including Canada, China, Hungary, Japan, Russia, and USA, with three genera and three species of fossil taxa described from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, northeastern China. A new genus Raraxymyia gen. nov. and two new species, R. parallela and R. proxima gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China, are herein described based on their well-preserved wings and body characters. A revised key to the genera of axymyiids is provided.

A New Fossil Hangingfly(Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China

A new species, Cimbrophlebia rara sp. nov., in the family Cimbrophlebiidae（Mecoptera） is described and illustrated. This specimen was collected from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Liutiaogou in Inner Mongolia, China. This is the first record of a cimbrophlebiid from the Jehol biota. A key to all species of Cimbrophlebia is given. A preliminary review of published taxa data indicates that from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, Mecoptera became less diverse and less abundant in northeastern China at familiar level（from 11 to 6）, generic level（from 32 to 8） and specific level（from 44 to 14）.

New Species of Cretolimonia and Mesotipula(Diptera:Limoniidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China

Two new species, Cretolimonia excelsa sp. nov. and Mesotipula gloriosa sp. nov., in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated, based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. These are the first fossil records of these two genera from China.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fossil Insects within Their Ecosystems

Objective This work is designed effect and production to improve the quality, visual efficiency of ecological reconstruction of fossil insects by using various three- dimensional software and exploring helpful methodologies and techniques.

The Diversity and Phylogeny of Mesozoic Symphyta (Hymenoptera) from Northeastern China

Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the extinct and extant species. In general, fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states, which play important roles in their early evolution. It is well known that the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formations of Northeastern China have yielded well- preserved insects, including sawflies and some woodwasps. The great morphological diversity of symphytan fbssils, especially those transitional character states, will make significant contributions to our understanding of the developmental trends of this basal group, as well as the evolution of hymenopterans.

New discovery of Palaeontinid fossils from the Middle Jurassic in Daohugou, Inner Mongolia (Homoptera, Palaeontinidae)

Three new species of fossil Palaeontinidae are described from Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China: Daohugoucossus shii sp. nov., D. parallelivenius sp. nov., D. lii sp. nov. The diagnosis of Dao- hugoucossus Wang, Zhang and Fang, 2006 is revised. These materials are the first complete fossil palaeontinids in the Middle Jurassic of the world. Based on observation of these new specimens, Sc of this new genus has the following combined characters: joined with R at base, diverged near M separa- tion, coalesced with R before the nodal line, extended beyond the nodal line and fused with R1 before distal end. Due to the Sc characteristics mentioned above, the genus Liaocossus Ren, Yin and Dou, 1998 can be well distinguished from “Ilerdocossus-complex”.