Guoqing Chang spoke to Shining Zhu of Nanjing University,about his insights into laser science,applications,and future prospects.Chang:When did you first hear about laser?Zhu:As one of the greatest inventions of the 2...Guoqing Chang spoke to Shining Zhu of Nanjing University,about his insights into laser science,applications,and future prospects.Chang:When did you first hear about laser?Zhu:As one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century,the laser has been applied to many fields,such as laser machining and processing,gravitational wave detection,precision metrology,laser spectroscopy and microscopy,5G\6G technology,microwave photonics,just to name a few.展开更多
From metamaterials to metasurfaces,optical nano-structure has been widely investigated for novel and high efficiency functionalities.Apart from the intrisinsic properties of composite material,rich capabilities can be...From metamaterials to metasurfaces,optical nano-structure has been widely investigated for novel and high efficiency functionalities.Apart from the intrisinsic properties of composite material,rich capabilities can be derived from the judi-cious design of metasurfaces,which enable more excellent and highly integrated optical devices than traditional bulk op-tical elements.In the meantime,the abundant manipulation abilites of light in the classical domain can be carried over in-to quantum domain.In this review,we highlight recent development of quantum optics based on metasurfaces,ranging from quantum plasmonics,generation,manipulation and appplication of quantum light to quantum vaccum engineering etc.Finally,some promising avenues for quantum optics with the help of optical metasurface are presented.展开更多
Metasurfaces are densely arrayed two⁃dimensional(2D)artificial planar metamaterials,which can manipulate the polarization,distribution,and amplitude of light by accurately controlling the phase of the scattering light...Metasurfaces are densely arrayed two⁃dimensional(2D)artificial planar metamaterials,which can manipulate the polarization,distribution,and amplitude of light by accurately controlling the phase of the scattering light.The flat metasurface has the potential to substantially reduce the thickness and complexity of the structures and allows ease of fabrication and integration into devices.However,the inherent chromatic aberration of the metasurface originating from the resonant dispersion of the antennas and the intrinsic chromatic dispersion limit their quality.How to effectively suppress or manipulate the chromatic aberration of metalenses has attracted worldwide attention in the last few years,leading to a variety of excellent achievements.Furthermore,utilizing the chromatic dispersion of metasurface to realize special functionalities is also of significant importance.In this review,the most promising recent examples of chromatic dispersion manipulation based on optical metasurface materials are highlighted and put into perspective.展开更多
We theoretically study the propagation dynamics of input light in one-dimensional mixed linear-nonlinear photonic lattices with a complex parity-time symmetric potential. Numerical computation shows simultaneous local...We theoretically study the propagation dynamics of input light in one-dimensional mixed linear-nonlinear photonic lattices with a complex parity-time symmetric potential. Numerical computation shows simultaneous localization and steering of the optical beam due to the asymmetric scatter and interplay between Kerr-type nonlinearity and PT symmetry. This may provide a feasible measure for manipulation light in optical communications, integrated optics and so on.展开更多
Achieving spatiotemporal control of light at high speeds presents immense possibilities for various applications in communication,computation,metrology,and sensing.The integration of subwavelength metasurfaces and opt...Achieving spatiotemporal control of light at high speeds presents immense possibilities for various applications in communication,computation,metrology,and sensing.The integration of subwavelength metasurfaces and optical waveguides offers a promising approach to manipulate light across multiple degrees of freedom at high speed in compact photonic integrated circuit(PIC)devices.Here,we demonstrate a gigahertz-rate-switchable wavefront shaping by integrating metasurface,lithium niobate on insulator photonic waveguides,and electrodes within a PIC device.As proofs of concept,we showcase the generation of a focus beam with reconfigurable arbitrary polarizations,switchable focusing with lateral focal positions and focal length,orbital angular momentum light beams as well as Bessel beams.Our measurements indicate modulation speeds of up to the gigahertz rate.This integrated platform offers a versatile and efficient means of controlling the light field at high speed within a compact system,paving the way for potential applications in optical communication,computation,sensing,and imaging.展开更多
The refractive-lens technique has been well developed over a long period of evolution,offering powerful imaging functionalities,such as microscopes,telescopes,and spectroscopes.Nevertheless,the ever-growing requiremen...The refractive-lens technique has been well developed over a long period of evolution,offering powerful imaging functionalities,such as microscopes,telescopes,and spectroscopes.Nevertheless,the ever-growing requirements continue to urge further enhanced imaging capabilities and upgraded devices that are more compact for convenience.Metamaterial as a fascinating concept has inspired unprecedented new explorations in physics,material science,and optics,not only in fundamental researches but also novel applications.Along with the imaging topic,this paper reviews the progress of the flat lens as an important branch of metamaterials,covering the early superlens with super-diffraction capability and current hot topics of metalenses including a paralleled strategy of multilevel diffractive lenses.Numerous efforts and approaches have been dedicated to areas ranging from the new fascinating physics to feasible applications.This review provides a clear picture of the flat-lens evolution from the perspective of metamaterial design,elucidating the relation and comparison between a superlens and metalens,and addressing derivative designs.Finally,application scenarios that favor the ultrathin lens technique are emphasized with respect to possible revolutionary imaging devices,followed by conclusive remarks and prospects.展开更多
Polarimetry plays an indispensable role in modern optics.Nevertheless,the current strategies generally suffer from bulky system volume or spatial multiplexing scheme,resulting in limited performances when dealing with...Polarimetry plays an indispensable role in modern optics.Nevertheless,the current strategies generally suffer from bulky system volume or spatial multiplexing scheme,resulting in limited performances when dealing with inhomogeneous polarizations.Here,we propose a non-interleaved,interferometric method to analyze the polarizations based on a tri-channel chiral metasurface.A deep convolutional neural network is also incorporated to enable fast,robust and accurate polarimetry.Spatially uniform and nonuniform polarizations are both measured through the metasurface experimentally.Distinction between two semblable glasses is also demonstrated.Our strategy features the merits of compactness and high spatial resolution,and would inspire more intriguing design for detecting and sensing.展开更多
Metamaterials are artificial structures with the ability to efficiently control light-field,attracting intensive attention in the past few decades.People have studied the working principles,design strategies,and fabri...Metamaterials are artificial structures with the ability to efficiently control light-field,attracting intensive attention in the past few decades.People have studied the working principles,design strategies,and fabrication methods of metamaterials,making this field cross and combine with many disciplines,including physics,material science,electronics,and chemistry.In recent years,with the rapid development of high-efficiency and multifunctional metasurfaces,which are a two-dimensional version of metamaterials,great efforts have been made to push this material to practical applications.In particular,the introduction of artificial intelligent(AI)algorithms enables metamaterials-based photonic devices that exhibit excellent performances and intelligent functionalities.In this review,we first introduce the basic concepts,working principles,design methods,and applications of metamaterials,and then focus on the rapidly developing metamaterials research combined with AI algorithms.Finally,we conclude this review with personal perspectives on the current problems and future directions of metamaterials research and developments.展开更多
Tomography is an informative imaging modality that is usually implemented by mechanical scanning,owing to the limited depth-of-field(DOF)in conventional systems.However,recent imaging systems are working towards more ...Tomography is an informative imaging modality that is usually implemented by mechanical scanning,owing to the limited depth-of-field(DOF)in conventional systems.However,recent imaging systems are working towards more compact and stable architectures;therefore,developing nonmotion tomography is highly desirable.Here,we propose a metalens-based spectral imaging system with an aplanatic GaN metalens(NA=0.78),in which large chromatic dispersion is used to access spectral focus tuning and optical zooming in the visible spectrum.After the function of wavelength-switched tomography was confirmed on cascaded samples,this aplanatic metalens is utilized to image microscopic frog egg cells and shows excellent tomographic images with distinct DOF features of the cell membrane and nucleus.Our approach makes good use of the large diffractive dispersion of the metalens and develops a new imaging technique that advances recent informative optical devices.展开更多
Nonlinear optical processes in waveguides play important roles in compact integrated photonics,while efficient coupling and manipulations inside the waveguides still remain challenging.In this work,we propose a new sc...Nonlinear optical processes in waveguides play important roles in compact integrated photonics,while efficient coupling and manipulations inside the waveguides still remain challenging.In this work,we propose a new scheme for second-harmonic generation as well as beam shaping in lithium niobate slab waveguides with the assistance of well-designed grating metasurfaces atλ=1064 nm.By encoding the amplitude and phase into the holographic gratings,we further demonstrate strong functionalities of nonlinear beam shaping by the metasurface design,including dual focusing and Airy beam generation.Our approach would inspire new designs in the miniaturization and integration of compact multifunctional nonlinear light sources on chip.展开更多
The development of transformation optics and metamaterials provides a new paradigm for efficiently controlling electromagnetic waves. It is well known that the metamaterial is a novel artificial material with periodic...The development of transformation optics and metamaterials provides a new paradigm for efficiently controlling electromagnetic waves. It is well known that the metamaterial is a novel artificial material with periodic structure, and the unit geometric size and distance between the units are much smaller than the working wavelength. Therefore, for an electromagnetic wave, a macroscopic system comprising these sub-wavelength units can be regarded as a novelty artificial material with a different permittivity, permeability and refractive index compared to the original material. Furthermore, these electromagnetic parameters of the artificial material can be freely manipulated by modifying their unit structure, especially for a material that does not exist in nature. Among these materials, negative refractive index materials have been widely reported. For a negative refractive index material, when light is incident on its interface, the incident and refracted light are distributed on the same side of the surface normal, rather than on both sides as typical materials do. However, the field of transformation optics proposes the concept that the propagation of an electromagnetic wave in curved spacetime is identical in inhomogeneous and anisotropic optical mediums.展开更多
Nonlinear holography has recently emerged as a novel tool to reconstruct the encoded information at a new wavelength,which has important applications in optical display and optical encryption.However,this scheme still...Nonlinear holography has recently emerged as a novel tool to reconstruct the encoded information at a new wavelength,which has important applications in optical display and optical encryption.However,this scheme still struggles with low conversion efficiency and ineffective multiplexing.In this work,we demonstrate a quasi-phasematching(QPM)-division multiplexing holography in a three-dimensional(3D)nonlinear photonic crystal(NPC).3D NPC works as a nonlinear hologram,in which multiple images are distributed into different Ewald spheres in reciprocal space.The reciprocal vectors locating in a given Ewald sphere are capable of fulfilling the complete QPM conditions for the high-efficiency reconstruction of the target image at the second-harmonic(SH)wave.One can easily switch the reconstructed SH images by changing the QPM condition.The multiplexing capacity is scalable with the period number of 3D NPC.Our work provides a promising strategy to achieve highly efficient nonlinear multiplexing holography for high-security and high-density storage of optical information.展开更多
Laser frequency combs emitting ultrafast pulses of light,at equidistantly discrete frequencies,are cornerstones of modern information networks.In recent years,the generation of soliton combs in microcavities with ultr...Laser frequency combs emitting ultrafast pulses of light,at equidistantly discrete frequencies,are cornerstones of modern information networks.In recent years,the generation of soliton combs in microcavities with ultrahighquality factors has established microcombs as out-oflaboratory tools.However,the material and geometry of a laser cavity,which determine comb formation,are difficult to electrically tune.Such dynamic control can further enrich the diversity of comb outputs and help to actively stabilize them.展开更多
Semiconductor perovskite films are now being widely investigated as light harvesters in solar cells with ever-increasing power conversion efficiencies,which have motivated the fabrication of other optoelectronic devic...Semiconductor perovskite films are now being widely investigated as light harvesters in solar cells with ever-increasing power conversion efficiencies,which have motivated the fabrication of other optoelectronic devices,such as light-emitting diodes,lasers,and photodetectors.Their superior material and optical properties are shared by the counterpart colloidal nanocrystals(NCs),with the additional advantage of quantum confinement that can yield size-dependent optical emission ranging from the near-UV to near-infrared wavelengths.So far,intensive research efforts have been devoted to the optical characterization of perovskite NC ensembles,revealing not only fundamental exciton relaxation and recombination dynamics but also lowthreshold amplified spontaneous emission and novel superfluorescence effects.Meanwhile,the application of single-particle spectroscopy techniques to perovskite NCs has helped to resolve a variety of optical properties for which there are few equivalents in traditional colloidal NCs,mainly including nonblinking photoluminescence,suppressed spectral diffusion,stable exciton fine structures,and coherent singlephoton emission.While the main purpose of ensemble optical studies is to guide the smooth development of perovskite NCs in classical optoelectronic applications,the rich observations from single-particle optical studies mark the emergence of a potential platform that can be exploited for quantum information technologies.展开更多
Metasurfaces have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in manipulating light with ultrathin and flat architectures.Although great progress has been made in the metasurface designs and function demonstrations,most m...Metasurfaces have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in manipulating light with ultrathin and flat architectures.Although great progress has been made in the metasurface designs and function demonstrations,most metalenses still only work as a substitution of conventional lenses in optical settings,whose integration advantage is rarely manifested.We propose a highly integrated imaging device with silicon metalenses directly mounted on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensor,whose working distance is in hundreds of micrometers.The imaging performances including resolution,signal-to-noise ratio,and field of view(FOV)are investigated.Moreover,we develop a metalens array with polarization-multiplexed dual-phase design for a wide-field microscopic imaging.This approach remarkably expands the FOV without reducing the resolution,which promises a non-limited space-bandwidth product imaging for wide-field microscopy.As a result,we demonstrate a centimeter-scale prototype for microscopic imaging,showing uniqueness of meta-design for compact integration.展开更多
Integrated photonics provides a route to both miniaturization of quantum key distribution(QKD)devices and enhancing their performance.A key element for achieving discrete-variable QKD is a singlephoton detector.It is ...Integrated photonics provides a route to both miniaturization of quantum key distribution(QKD)devices and enhancing their performance.A key element for achieving discrete-variable QKD is a singlephoton detector.It is highly desirable to integrate detectors onto a photonic chip to enable the realization of practical and scalable quantum networks.We realize a heterogeneously integrated,superconducting silicon-photonic chip.Harnessing the unique high-speed feature of our optical waveguide-integrated superconducting detector,we perform the first optimal Bell-state measurement(BSM)of time-bin encoded qubits generated from two independent lasers.The optimal BSM enables an increased key rate of measurement-device-independent QKD(MDI-QKD),which is immune to all attacks against the detection system and hence provides the basis for a QKD network with untrusted relays.Together with the timemultiplexed technique,we have enhanced the sifted key rate by almost one order of magnitude.With a 125-MHz clock rate,we obtain a secure key rate of 6.166 kbps over 24.0 dB loss,which is comparable to the state-of-the-art MDI-QKD experimental results with a GHz clock rate.Combined with integrated QKD transmitters,a scalable,chip-based,and cost-effective QKD network should become realizable in the near future.展开更多
Integrated optical phased arrays(OPAs) have attracted significant interest to steer laser beams for applications including free-space communications, holography, and light detection and ranging. Although many methods ...Integrated optical phased arrays(OPAs) have attracted significant interest to steer laser beams for applications including free-space communications, holography, and light detection and ranging. Although many methods have been proposed to suppress grating lobes, OPAs have also been limited by the trade-off between field of view(FOV)and beamforming efficiency. Here, we propose a metasurface empowered port-selected OPA(POPA), an OPA steered by port selection, which is implemented by an aperiodic waveguide array with an average pitch less than the wavelength and phase controlled by coupling among waveguides. A metasurface layer above the POPA was designed to increase wide FOV steering, aliasing-free by polarization division. As a result, we experimentally demonstrate beam scanning over a ±41.04° × 7.06° FOV. The aliasing-free POPA with expanded FOV shows successful incorporation of the waveguide-based OPA technique with an emerging metasurface design, indicating much exploration in concepts for integrated photonic devices.展开更多
Starting from well-known absolute instruments that provide perfect imaging, we analyze a class of rotationally symmetric compact closed manifolds, namely, geodesic lenses. We demonstrate with a numerical method that l...Starting from well-known absolute instruments that provide perfect imaging, we analyze a class of rotationally symmetric compact closed manifolds, namely, geodesic lenses. We demonstrate with a numerical method that light rays confined on geodesic lenses form closed trajectories, and that for optical waves, the spectrum of a geodesic lens is(at least approximately) degenerate and equidistant. Moreover, we fabricate two geodesic lenses in micrometer and millimeter scales and observe curved light rays along the geodesics. Our experimental setup may offer a new platform to investigate light propagation on curved surfaces.展开更多
Microscopy is very important in research and industry,yet traditional optical microscopy suffers from the limited field-of-view(FOV)and depth-of-field(DOF)in high-resolution imaging.We demonstrate a simultaneous large...Microscopy is very important in research and industry,yet traditional optical microscopy suffers from the limited field-of-view(FOV)and depth-of-field(DOF)in high-resolution imaging.We demonstrate a simultaneous large FOV and DOF microscope imaging technology based on a chip-scale metalens device that is implemented by a SiNxmetalens array with a co-and cross-polarization multiplexed dual-phase design and dispersive spectrum zoom effect.A 4-mm×4-mm FOV is obtained with a resolution of 1.74μm and DOF of200μm within a wavelength range of 450 to 510 nm,which definitely exceeds the performance of traditional microscopes with the same resolution.Moreover,it is realized in a miniaturized compact prototype,showing an overall advantage for portable and convenient microscope technology.展开更多
Flat lenses,including metalens and diffractive lens,have attracted increasing attention due to their ability to miniaturize the imaging devices.However,realizing a large scale achromatic flat lens with high performanc...Flat lenses,including metalens and diffractive lens,have attracted increasing attention due to their ability to miniaturize the imaging devices.However,realizing a large scale achromatic flat lens with high performance still remains a big challenge.Here,we developed a new framework in designing achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses by light coherence optimization,which enables the implementation of large-scale flat lenses under non-ideal conditions.As results,a series achromatic polymer lenses with diameter from 1 to 10mm are successfully designed and fabricated.The subsequent optical characterizations substantially validate our theoretical framework and show relatively good performance of the centimeter-scale achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses with a super broad bandwidth in optical wavelengths(400-1100 nm).After comparing with conventional refractive lens,this achromatic lens shows significant advantages in white-light imaging performance,implying a new strategy in developing practical planar optical devices.展开更多
文摘Guoqing Chang spoke to Shining Zhu of Nanjing University,about his insights into laser science,applications,and future prospects.Chang:When did you first hear about laser?Zhu:As one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century,the laser has been applied to many fields,such as laser machining and processing,gravitational wave detection,precision metrology,laser spectroscopy and microscopy,5G\6G technology,microwave photonics,just to name a few.
基金The authors are grateful that this work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0303700,2017YFA0303702,and 2016YFA0202103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11822406,11834007,11774162,11674166,11674167,11674168,11621091,11774164,and 91850204).
文摘From metamaterials to metasurfaces,optical nano-structure has been widely investigated for novel and high efficiency functionalities.Apart from the intrisinsic properties of composite material,rich capabilities can be derived from the judi-cious design of metasurfaces,which enable more excellent and highly integrated optical devices than traditional bulk op-tical elements.In the meantime,the abundant manipulation abilites of light in the classical domain can be carried over in-to quantum domain.In this review,we highlight recent development of quantum optics based on metasurfaces,ranging from quantum plasmonics,generation,manipulation and appplication of quantum light to quantum vaccum engineering etc.Finally,some promising avenues for quantum optics with the help of optical metasurface are presented.
基金National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China(Grant No.2017YFA0303700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11621091,11822406,11774164,11834007 and 11774162)。
文摘Metasurfaces are densely arrayed two⁃dimensional(2D)artificial planar metamaterials,which can manipulate the polarization,distribution,and amplitude of light by accurately controlling the phase of the scattering light.The flat metasurface has the potential to substantially reduce the thickness and complexity of the structures and allows ease of fabrication and integration into devices.However,the inherent chromatic aberration of the metasurface originating from the resonant dispersion of the antennas and the intrinsic chromatic dispersion limit their quality.How to effectively suppress or manipulate the chromatic aberration of metalenses has attracted worldwide attention in the last few years,leading to a variety of excellent achievements.Furthermore,utilizing the chromatic dispersion of metasurface to realize special functionalities is also of significant importance.In this review,the most promising recent examples of chromatic dispersion manipulation based on optical metasurface materials are highlighted and put into perspective.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No 2017YFA0303700the National Young 1000 Talent Planthe National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos 91321312,11621091,11674169and 11474050
文摘We theoretically study the propagation dynamics of input light in one-dimensional mixed linear-nonlinear photonic lattices with a complex parity-time symmetric potential. Numerical computation shows simultaneous localization and steering of the optical beam due to the asymmetric scatter and interplay between Kerr-type nonlinearity and PT symmetry. This may provide a feasible measure for manipulation light in optical communications, integrated optics and so on.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0705000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12192251,12274134,12174186,and 62288101)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.21DZ1101500)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.2023ZKZD35)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.20PJ1403400)
文摘Achieving spatiotemporal control of light at high speeds presents immense possibilities for various applications in communication,computation,metrology,and sensing.The integration of subwavelength metasurfaces and optical waveguides offers a promising approach to manipulate light across multiple degrees of freedom at high speed in compact photonic integrated circuit(PIC)devices.Here,we demonstrate a gigahertz-rate-switchable wavefront shaping by integrating metasurface,lithium niobate on insulator photonic waveguides,and electrodes within a PIC device.As proofs of concept,we showcase the generation of a focus beam with reconfigurable arbitrary polarizations,switchable focusing with lateral focal positions and focal length,orbital angular momentum light beams as well as Bessel beams.Our measurements indicate modulation speeds of up to the gigahertz rate.This integrated platform offers a versatile and efficient means of controlling the light field at high speed within a compact system,paving the way for potential applications in optical communication,computation,sensing,and imaging.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1404300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91850204,92250304,62288101).
文摘The refractive-lens technique has been well developed over a long period of evolution,offering powerful imaging functionalities,such as microscopes,telescopes,and spectroscopes.Nevertheless,the ever-growing requirements continue to urge further enhanced imaging capabilities and upgraded devices that are more compact for convenience.Metamaterial as a fascinating concept has inspired unprecedented new explorations in physics,material science,and optics,not only in fundamental researches but also novel applications.Along with the imaging topic,this paper reviews the progress of the flat lens as an important branch of metamaterials,covering the early superlens with super-diffraction capability and current hot topics of metalenses including a paralleled strategy of multilevel diffractive lenses.Numerous efforts and approaches have been dedicated to areas ranging from the new fascinating physics to feasible applications.This review provides a clear picture of the flat-lens evolution from the perspective of metamaterial design,elucidating the relation and comparison between a superlens and metalens,and addressing derivative designs.Finally,application scenarios that favor the ultrathin lens technique are emphasized with respect to possible revolutionary imaging devices,followed by conclusive remarks and prospects.
基金The authors acknowledge the funding provided by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1404301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62325504,62305149,92250304,62288101)Dengfeng Project B of Nanjing University.The authors acknowledge the micro-fabrication center of the National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures(NLSSM)for technique support.
文摘Polarimetry plays an indispensable role in modern optics.Nevertheless,the current strategies generally suffer from bulky system volume or spatial multiplexing scheme,resulting in limited performances when dealing with inhomogeneous polarizations.Here,we propose a non-interleaved,interferometric method to analyze the polarizations based on a tri-channel chiral metasurface.A deep convolutional neural network is also incorporated to enable fast,robust and accurate polarimetry.Spatially uniform and nonuniform polarizations are both measured through the metasurface experimentally.Distinction between two semblable glasses is also demonstrated.Our strategy features the merits of compactness and high spatial resolution,and would inspire more intriguing design for detecting and sensing.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2016YFA0202103Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Numbers:2242022R10128,2242022k30006National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:12104223,91850204。
文摘Metamaterials are artificial structures with the ability to efficiently control light-field,attracting intensive attention in the past few decades.People have studied the working principles,design strategies,and fabrication methods of metamaterials,making this field cross and combine with many disciplines,including physics,material science,electronics,and chemistry.In recent years,with the rapid development of high-efficiency and multifunctional metasurfaces,which are a two-dimensional version of metamaterials,great efforts have been made to push this material to practical applications.In particular,the introduction of artificial intelligent(AI)algorithms enables metamaterials-based photonic devices that exhibit excellent performances and intelligent functionalities.In this review,we first introduce the basic concepts,working principles,design methods,and applications of metamaterials,and then focus on the rapidly developing metamaterials research combined with AI algorithms.Finally,we conclude this review with personal perspectives on the current problems and future directions of metamaterials research and developments.
基金the financial support from The National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0202103,2017YFA0303700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91850204,11674167,11621091,11774164)the Department of Science and Technology,Taiwan,China(Grant No.MOST-107-2112-M-001-042-MY3,MOST-107-2911-I-001-508,MOST-107-2911-I-001-510,MOST-107-2923-M-001-010-MY3).
文摘Tomography is an informative imaging modality that is usually implemented by mechanical scanning,owing to the limited depth-of-field(DOF)in conventional systems.However,recent imaging systems are working towards more compact and stable architectures;therefore,developing nonmotion tomography is highly desirable.Here,we propose a metalens-based spectral imaging system with an aplanatic GaN metalens(NA=0.78),in which large chromatic dispersion is used to access spectral focus tuning and optical zooming in the visible spectrum.After the function of wavelength-switched tomography was confirmed on cascaded samples,this aplanatic metalens is utilized to image microscopic frog egg cells and shows excellent tomographic images with distinct DOF features of the cell membrane and nucleus.Our approach makes good use of the large diffractive dispersion of the metalens and develops a new imaging technique that advances recent informative optical devices.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0303701,2016YFA0202103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11674167,91850204).
文摘Nonlinear optical processes in waveguides play important roles in compact integrated photonics,while efficient coupling and manipulations inside the waveguides still remain challenging.In this work,we propose a new scheme for second-harmonic generation as well as beam shaping in lithium niobate slab waveguides with the assistance of well-designed grating metasurfaces atλ=1064 nm.By encoding the amplitude and phase into the holographic gratings,we further demonstrate strong functionalities of nonlinear beam shaping by the metasurface design,including dual focusing and Airy beam generation.Our approach would inspire new designs in the miniaturization and integration of compact multifunctional nonlinear light sources on chip.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11690033,61425018,11621091 and 11704181)National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0303702)+1 种基金National Key Research and DevelopmentProgram of China(2017YFA0205700)support of the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX201600070)
文摘The development of transformation optics and metamaterials provides a new paradigm for efficiently controlling electromagnetic waves. It is well known that the metamaterial is a novel artificial material with periodic structure, and the unit geometric size and distance between the units are much smaller than the working wavelength. Therefore, for an electromagnetic wave, a macroscopic system comprising these sub-wavelength units can be regarded as a novelty artificial material with a different permittivity, permeability and refractive index compared to the original material. Furthermore, these electromagnetic parameters of the artificial material can be freely manipulated by modifying their unit structure, especially for a material that does not exist in nature. Among these materials, negative refractive index materials have been widely reported. For a negative refractive index material, when light is incident on its interface, the incident and refracted light are distributed on the same side of the surface normal, rather than on both sides as typical materials do. However, the field of transformation optics proposes the concept that the propagation of an electromagnetic wave in curved spacetime is identical in inhomogeneous and anisotropic optical mediums.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0303703,2018YFB1105400,and 2016YFA0302500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(91950206,11874213,51875544,91963127,51675503,and 62005262)+5 种基金National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(61927814)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2017495)Foundation of Equipment Development Department(6220914010901)Anhui Province Science and Technology Major Project(201903a05020005)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(021314380105)The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671838 and 2021T14069)。
文摘Nonlinear holography has recently emerged as a novel tool to reconstruct the encoded information at a new wavelength,which has important applications in optical display and optical encryption.However,this scheme still struggles with low conversion efficiency and ineffective multiplexing.In this work,we demonstrate a quasi-phasematching(QPM)-division multiplexing holography in a three-dimensional(3D)nonlinear photonic crystal(NPC).3D NPC works as a nonlinear hologram,in which multiple images are distributed into different Ewald spheres in reciprocal space.The reciprocal vectors locating in a given Ewald sphere are capable of fulfilling the complete QPM conditions for the high-efficiency reconstruction of the target image at the second-harmonic(SH)wave.One can easily switch the reconstructed SH images by changing the QPM condition.The multiplexing capacity is scalable with the period number of 3D NPC.Our work provides a promising strategy to achieve highly efficient nonlinear multiplexing holography for high-security and high-density storage of optical information.
基金the support from the Education Ministry of China and National Science Foundation of China(61705032,61975025,51890861,51802090,and 61874041).
文摘Laser frequency combs emitting ultrafast pulses of light,at equidistantly discrete frequencies,are cornerstones of modern information networks.In recent years,the generation of soliton combs in microcavities with ultrahighquality factors has established microcombs as out-oflaboratory tools.However,the material and geometry of a laser cavity,which determine comb formation,are difficult to electrically tune.Such dynamic control can further enrich the diversity of comb outputs and help to actively stabilize them.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFA0308700 and 2017YFA0303700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61974058,11574147,and 11974164)the PAPD of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Semiconductor perovskite films are now being widely investigated as light harvesters in solar cells with ever-increasing power conversion efficiencies,which have motivated the fabrication of other optoelectronic devices,such as light-emitting diodes,lasers,and photodetectors.Their superior material and optical properties are shared by the counterpart colloidal nanocrystals(NCs),with the additional advantage of quantum confinement that can yield size-dependent optical emission ranging from the near-UV to near-infrared wavelengths.So far,intensive research efforts have been devoted to the optical characterization of perovskite NC ensembles,revealing not only fundamental exciton relaxation and recombination dynamics but also lowthreshold amplified spontaneous emission and novel superfluorescence effects.Meanwhile,the application of single-particle spectroscopy techniques to perovskite NCs has helped to resolve a variety of optical properties for which there are few equivalents in traditional colloidal NCs,mainly including nonblinking photoluminescence,suppressed spectral diffusion,stable exciton fine structures,and coherent singlephoton emission.While the main purpose of ensemble optical studies is to guide the smooth development of perovskite NCs in classical optoelectronic applications,the rich observations from single-particle optical studies mark the emergence of a potential platform that can be exploited for quantum information technologies.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2016YFA0202103 and 2017YFA0303701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91850204 and 11674167)Tao Li thanks the Dengfeng Project B of Nanjing University for the support.The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
文摘Metasurfaces have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in manipulating light with ultrathin and flat architectures.Although great progress has been made in the metasurface designs and function demonstrations,most metalenses still only work as a substitution of conventional lenses in optical settings,whose integration advantage is rarely manifested.We propose a highly integrated imaging device with silicon metalenses directly mounted on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensor,whose working distance is in hundreds of micrometers.The imaging performances including resolution,signal-to-noise ratio,and field of view(FOV)are investigated.Moreover,we develop a metalens array with polarization-multiplexed dual-phase design for a wide-field microscopic imaging.This approach remarkably expands the FOV without reducing the resolution,which promises a non-limited space-bandwidth product imaging for wide-field microscopy.As a result,we demonstrate a centimeter-scale prototype for microscopic imaging,showing uniqueness of meta-design for compact integration.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2017YFA0303704,2019YFA0308700,and 2017YFA0304002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11690032,11321063,and 12033002)+2 种基金the NSFC-BRICS(No.61961146001)the Leading-Edge Technology Program of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(No.BK20192001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Integrated photonics provides a route to both miniaturization of quantum key distribution(QKD)devices and enhancing their performance.A key element for achieving discrete-variable QKD is a singlephoton detector.It is highly desirable to integrate detectors onto a photonic chip to enable the realization of practical and scalable quantum networks.We realize a heterogeneously integrated,superconducting silicon-photonic chip.Harnessing the unique high-speed feature of our optical waveguide-integrated superconducting detector,we perform the first optimal Bell-state measurement(BSM)of time-bin encoded qubits generated from two independent lasers.The optimal BSM enables an increased key rate of measurement-device-independent QKD(MDI-QKD),which is immune to all attacks against the detection system and hence provides the basis for a QKD network with untrusted relays.Together with the timemultiplexed technique,we have enhanced the sifted key rate by almost one order of magnitude.With a 125-MHz clock rate,we obtain a secure key rate of 6.166 kbps over 24.0 dB loss,which is comparable to the state-of-the-art MDI-QKD experimental results with a GHz clock rate.Combined with integrated QKD transmitters,a scalable,chip-based,and cost-effective QKD network should become realizable in the near future.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12174186,91850204)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0303701)。
文摘Integrated optical phased arrays(OPAs) have attracted significant interest to steer laser beams for applications including free-space communications, holography, and light detection and ranging. Although many methods have been proposed to suppress grating lobes, OPAs have also been limited by the trade-off between field of view(FOV)and beamforming efficiency. Here, we propose a metasurface empowered port-selected OPA(POPA), an OPA steered by port selection, which is implemented by an aperiodic waveguide array with an average pitch less than the wavelength and phase controlled by coupling among waveguides. A metasurface layer above the POPA was designed to increase wide FOV steering, aliasing-free by polarization division. As a result, we experimentally demonstrate beam scanning over a ±41.04° × 7.06° FOV. The aliasing-free POPA with expanded FOV shows successful incorporation of the waveguide-based OPA technique with an emerging metasurface design, indicating much exploration in concepts for integrated photonic devices.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720170015)National Key Projects for Basic Researches of China(2017YFA0205700,2017YFA0303700)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(11874311,11690033,61322504,11621091,61425018,11904006,11374151)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China(1908085QA20)Czech Science Foundation(P201/12/G028)
文摘Starting from well-known absolute instruments that provide perfect imaging, we analyze a class of rotationally symmetric compact closed manifolds, namely, geodesic lenses. We demonstrate with a numerical method that light rays confined on geodesic lenses form closed trajectories, and that for optical waves, the spectrum of a geodesic lens is(at least approximately) degenerate and equidistant. Moreover, we fabricate two geodesic lenses in micrometer and millimeter scales and observe curved light rays along the geodesics. Our experimental setup may offer a new platform to investigate light propagation on curved surfaces.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0303701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91850204 and 12174186)support from the Dengfeng Project B of Nanjing University。
文摘Microscopy is very important in research and industry,yet traditional optical microscopy suffers from the limited field-of-view(FOV)and depth-of-field(DOF)in high-resolution imaging.We demonstrate a simultaneous large FOV and DOF microscope imaging technology based on a chip-scale metalens device that is implemented by a SiNxmetalens array with a co-and cross-polarization multiplexed dual-phase design and dispersive spectrum zoom effect.A 4-mm×4-mm FOV is obtained with a resolution of 1.74μm and DOF of200μm within a wavelength range of 450 to 510 nm,which definitely exceeds the performance of traditional microscopes with the same resolution.Moreover,it is realized in a miniaturized compact prototype,showing an overall advantage for portable and convenient microscope technology.
基金the financial support from The National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1404300,2017YFA0303701)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91850204,12174186,62288101)+2 种基金the support from Dengfeng Project B of Nanjing Universitythe supports from Guangdong Provincial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(2017ZT07C071)Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Innovation Commission(JCYJ20200109140808088).
文摘Flat lenses,including metalens and diffractive lens,have attracted increasing attention due to their ability to miniaturize the imaging devices.However,realizing a large scale achromatic flat lens with high performance still remains a big challenge.Here,we developed a new framework in designing achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses by light coherence optimization,which enables the implementation of large-scale flat lenses under non-ideal conditions.As results,a series achromatic polymer lenses with diameter from 1 to 10mm are successfully designed and fabricated.The subsequent optical characterizations substantially validate our theoretical framework and show relatively good performance of the centimeter-scale achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses with a super broad bandwidth in optical wavelengths(400-1100 nm).After comparing with conventional refractive lens,this achromatic lens shows significant advantages in white-light imaging performance,implying a new strategy in developing practical planar optical devices.