Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Populus euphratica Oliv. forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases. Accor...Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Populus euphratica Oliv. forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases. Accordingly, accurately estimating the water use of P. euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation. To date, little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables, and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest. In this study, we measured the sap flow velocity （Vs） of P. euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012. Based on the response of Vs to solar radiation （R,） and vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, we estimated the hourly Vs and daily Vs using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart （JS） model, respectively. Hysteretic response of Vs to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model. We found the thresholds of V, responses to Rs and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season, and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V, and daily Vs using the JS model. At an hourly scale, the maximum V~ occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R, by approximate 1.0 h. At a daily scale, the maximum Vs lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum Rs by approximately 2 h. However, hysteretic response of V, was weakened when Rs and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales. Consequently, short-term and intensive field campaigns, where Vs and environmental variables can be measured, may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables.展开更多
城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2、CO和O3浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的...城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2、CO和O3浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2的健康风险。结果表明:PM2.5和PM10为主要超标污染物。除乌鲁木齐市(该市PM10春季平均质量浓度亦超标)外,其余四个城市PM2.5和PM10的春季平均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准。各城市SO2、NO2、O3和CO的污染水平较低。2018年春季各城市空气质量以良好至轻度污染为主。各城市人群PM2.5和PM10的春季健康风险均在USEPA规定的可接受风险范围内。SO2和NO2的健康风险均未超过瑞典、荷兰等国推荐的可接受风险值。SO2和NO2对老人产生的健康风险最小,儿童最大,儿童为较敏感受体。儿童(<6岁)SO2/NO2的春季健康风险约是成人(18~60岁)的1.2/1.3倍,是60岁以上人群的1.7/1.8倍。不同性别及年龄阶段人群SO2和NO2的健康风险存在差异,6~17岁人群和60岁以上老人的健康风险有女性>男性的特点,6岁以下儿童与18~60岁成人的健康风险则表现为男性>女性。展开更多
Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency （WUE）. Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as wel...Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency （WUE）. Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as well as between the increments of oxygen supply and nutrient uptake. However, main factors that drive nighttime sap flow remain unclear, and researches related to the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and environmental factors are limited. Accordingly, we investigated the variations in the nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest of an extremely arid region, Northwest China. Results indicated that P. euphratica sap flow occurred throughout the night during the growing season because of the partial stomata opening. Nighttime sap flow for the P. euphratica forest accounted for 31%-47% of its daily sap flow during the growing season. The high value of nighttime sap flow could be the result of high stomatal conductance and could have significant implications for water budgets. Throughout the whole growing season, nighttime sap flow velocity of P. euphratica was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, air temperature and soil water content. We found that VPD and soil water content were the main driving factors for nighttime sap flow of P. euphratica.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91425301,91025024)the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZZD-EW-04-05)the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Populus euphratica Oliv. forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases. Accordingly, accurately estimating the water use of P. euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation. To date, little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables, and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest. In this study, we measured the sap flow velocity （Vs） of P. euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012. Based on the response of Vs to solar radiation （R,） and vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, we estimated the hourly Vs and daily Vs using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart （JS） model, respectively. Hysteretic response of Vs to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model. We found the thresholds of V, responses to Rs and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season, and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V, and daily Vs using the JS model. At an hourly scale, the maximum V~ occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R, by approximate 1.0 h. At a daily scale, the maximum Vs lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum Rs by approximately 2 h. However, hysteretic response of V, was weakened when Rs and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales. Consequently, short-term and intensive field campaigns, where Vs and environmental variables can be measured, may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables.
文摘城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2、CO和O3浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2的健康风险。结果表明:PM2.5和PM10为主要超标污染物。除乌鲁木齐市(该市PM10春季平均质量浓度亦超标)外,其余四个城市PM2.5和PM10的春季平均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准。各城市SO2、NO2、O3和CO的污染水平较低。2018年春季各城市空气质量以良好至轻度污染为主。各城市人群PM2.5和PM10的春季健康风险均在USEPA规定的可接受风险范围内。SO2和NO2的健康风险均未超过瑞典、荷兰等国推荐的可接受风险值。SO2和NO2对老人产生的健康风险最小,儿童最大,儿童为较敏感受体。儿童(<6岁)SO2/NO2的春季健康风险约是成人(18~60岁)的1.2/1.3倍,是60岁以上人群的1.7/1.8倍。不同性别及年龄阶段人群SO2和NO2的健康风险存在差异,6~17岁人群和60岁以上老人的健康风险有女性>男性的特点,6岁以下儿童与18~60岁成人的健康风险则表现为男性>女性。
基金supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91025024)the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZZD-EW-04-05)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency （WUE）. Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as well as between the increments of oxygen supply and nutrient uptake. However, main factors that drive nighttime sap flow remain unclear, and researches related to the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and environmental factors are limited. Accordingly, we investigated the variations in the nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest of an extremely arid region, Northwest China. Results indicated that P. euphratica sap flow occurred throughout the night during the growing season because of the partial stomata opening. Nighttime sap flow for the P. euphratica forest accounted for 31%-47% of its daily sap flow during the growing season. The high value of nighttime sap flow could be the result of high stomatal conductance and could have significant implications for water budgets. Throughout the whole growing season, nighttime sap flow velocity of P. euphratica was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, air temperature and soil water content. We found that VPD and soil water content were the main driving factors for nighttime sap flow of P. euphratica.
