目的为给临床工作者提供艾滋病抗病毒治疗(ART)指南的决策依据,系统地查阅相关文献,以评估CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)≥500个/mm^(3)(早期治疗)与<500个/mm^(3)(延迟治疗)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者之间临床疗效的差异。方法在Pub...目的为给临床工作者提供艾滋病抗病毒治疗(ART)指南的决策依据,系统地查阅相关文献,以评估CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)≥500个/mm^(3)(早期治疗)与<500个/mm^(3)(延迟治疗)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者之间临床疗效的差异。方法在PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE内系统地检索2000年1月1日至2019年12月1日期间发表的相关英文文章。汇总纳入研究数据,采用ReviewManager 5.3对效应量进行Meta分析。结果最终确定了17篇研究,其中能够进一步分析在CD4细胞<350个/mm^(3)启动ART的文献有13篇。12项研究中死亡的合并相对危险度(RR)为0.83,95%的可信区间(CI):0.75~0.92,6项研究评估艾滋病进展风险(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.82~0.93),由于定义不同,2项研究评估免疫重建(RR=1.58,95%CI:0.70~3.55),5项研究评估病毒学反应,其中2项研究分析病毒抑制(RR=1.04,95%CI:0.99~1.08),3项研究分析病毒学失败(RR=0.76,95%CI:0.56~1.02);3项研究评估耐药的风险(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.60~0.97),2项研究评估失访风险(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.81~1.04)。对CD4细胞<350个/mm^(3)进行分层分析,早期治疗的优势更加明显。结论在感染HIV的成年患者中,早期启动ART可改善患者健康状况,是一种经济有效的治疗策略。展开更多
The key subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) contains a soluble binuclear copper center (CuA) domain. The CUA domain of Paracoccus versutus was cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. The gene encoding the ...The key subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) contains a soluble binuclear copper center (CuA) domain. The CUA domain of Paracoccus versutus was cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. The gene encoding the CUA domain in pETlld vector was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The results showed that the CuA domain was expressed mostly in inclusion bodies and the CUA domain protein synthesized in E. coli cells represents approximately 10 percent of the total cellular proteins. Dissolved in urea, dia-lyzed and recombined with Cu+/Cu2+ and purified by the Q-sepharose fast flow anion-exchange column and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column, the soluble purple-colored protein, which shows a single band in electrophoresis, was obtained. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of CUA domain showed that there are intense band at 478 nm and a shoulder peak at 530 nm, and two weak bands at 360 and 806 nm respectively, which can be assigned to the charge transfer and the interactions of obitals of Cu-S and Cu-Cu展开更多
Cationic base surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH), can be obtained through anion exchange from tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTABr). Salt-free cationic and anionic (catanionic) surfactant ...Cationic base surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH), can be obtained through anion exchange from tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTABr). Salt-free cationic and anionic (catanionic) surfactant mixtures were studied by mixing TTAOH with oleic acid (OA) or stearic acid (SA) in water. The phase behavior of TTAOH/OA/H2O is compared with that of TTAOH/SA/H2O. It was found that the phase behavior of TTAOH/OA/H2O and TTAOH/SA/H2O system differs from each other due to the existence of the unsaturated double carbon bond (C=C) in OA. At fixed total surfactant concentration (25 mg/mL) of TTAOH/OA/H2O system at 25℃, one can observe an isotropic L1 phase, and a L1/Lα two-phase region with increasing OA content. The volume of top turbid Lα phase increases while the bottom phase changes gradually from transparently clear to a bit turbid until a single Lα-phase is reached. Finally at high OA concentration, excess OA is separated from the bulk aqueous solutions. TTAOH/SA/H2O system usually forms white precipitating at 25℃ due to the high chain melting temperature of SA. When heated to 60℃, however, the state of samples changes. At fixed total surfactant concentration of 25 mg/mL, an isotropic L1 phase and a milk-white or bluish Lα-phase are observed with increasing SA concentration. Transparent thin layers which are strongly birefringent form at the tops of some samples within the Lα-phase region. Finally, at high SA concentration, excess SA is separated from the bulk aqueous solutions. In addition to phase behavior study, we also measured the conductivity of TTAOH/OA/H2O system at 25℃ and TTAOH/SA/H2O system at 60℃, respectively. Surface tension and rheological measurements were also performed on typical samples.展开更多
A metal-ligand coordinated surfactant system formed by calcium dodecylsulfate(Ca(DS)2)/tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO)/H2O was studied in terms of surface tension,conductivity,negative-staining TEM,phase behav...A metal-ligand coordinated surfactant system formed by calcium dodecylsulfate(Ca(DS)2)/tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO)/H2O was studied in terms of surface tension,conductivity,negative-staining TEM,phase behavior and rheological operation.In C14DMAO solution,when Ca(DS)2 is added,metal-ligand complexes form between the Ca 2+and N→O group of C14DMAO.Under this metal-ligand driving force,different phases can be obtained at different concentrations and different ratios of Ca(DS)2 and C14DMAO.At the fixed C14DMAO concentration,L1-phase consisting of spherical micelles forms at first.With the addition of Ca(DS)2,the spherical micelles elongate to be wormlike micelles and then after an L1/L-two phase region,the birefringent vesicle-phase(Lv-phase)region is observed.When Ca(DS)2 concentration continues to increase,a gel-phase region is found after the Lv-phase region and then precipitates of undissolved Ca(DS)2 appear.The transition between different phases is affected by temperature remarkably.The wormlike micellar solutions and vesicle solutions were checked by rheological measurements and showed apparent viscoelasticity at high surfactant concentrations.展开更多
文摘目的为给临床工作者提供艾滋病抗病毒治疗(ART)指南的决策依据,系统地查阅相关文献,以评估CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)≥500个/mm^(3)(早期治疗)与<500个/mm^(3)(延迟治疗)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者之间临床疗效的差异。方法在PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE内系统地检索2000年1月1日至2019年12月1日期间发表的相关英文文章。汇总纳入研究数据,采用ReviewManager 5.3对效应量进行Meta分析。结果最终确定了17篇研究,其中能够进一步分析在CD4细胞<350个/mm^(3)启动ART的文献有13篇。12项研究中死亡的合并相对危险度(RR)为0.83,95%的可信区间(CI):0.75~0.92,6项研究评估艾滋病进展风险(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.82~0.93),由于定义不同,2项研究评估免疫重建(RR=1.58,95%CI:0.70~3.55),5项研究评估病毒学反应,其中2项研究分析病毒抑制(RR=1.04,95%CI:0.99~1.08),3项研究分析病毒学失败(RR=0.76,95%CI:0.56~1.02);3项研究评估耐药的风险(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.60~0.97),2项研究评估失访风险(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.81~1.04)。对CD4细胞<350个/mm^(3)进行分层分析,早期治疗的优势更加明显。结论在感染HIV的成年患者中,早期启动ART可改善患者健康状况,是一种经济有效的治疗策略。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39990600).
文摘The key subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) contains a soluble binuclear copper center (CuA) domain. The CUA domain of Paracoccus versutus was cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. The gene encoding the CUA domain in pETlld vector was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The results showed that the CuA domain was expressed mostly in inclusion bodies and the CUA domain protein synthesized in E. coli cells represents approximately 10 percent of the total cellular proteins. Dissolved in urea, dia-lyzed and recombined with Cu+/Cu2+ and purified by the Q-sepharose fast flow anion-exchange column and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column, the soluble purple-colored protein, which shows a single band in electrophoresis, was obtained. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of CUA domain showed that there are intense band at 478 nm and a shoulder peak at 530 nm, and two weak bands at 360 and 806 nm respectively, which can be assigned to the charge transfer and the interactions of obitals of Cu-S and Cu-Cu
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20803045)National Basic Research Program of China) (Grant No. 2009CB 930103)New Teacher’s Foundation of Ministry of Education (Grant No. 200804221008)
文摘Cationic base surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH), can be obtained through anion exchange from tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTABr). Salt-free cationic and anionic (catanionic) surfactant mixtures were studied by mixing TTAOH with oleic acid (OA) or stearic acid (SA) in water. The phase behavior of TTAOH/OA/H2O is compared with that of TTAOH/SA/H2O. It was found that the phase behavior of TTAOH/OA/H2O and TTAOH/SA/H2O system differs from each other due to the existence of the unsaturated double carbon bond (C=C) in OA. At fixed total surfactant concentration (25 mg/mL) of TTAOH/OA/H2O system at 25℃, one can observe an isotropic L1 phase, and a L1/Lα two-phase region with increasing OA content. The volume of top turbid Lα phase increases while the bottom phase changes gradually from transparently clear to a bit turbid until a single Lα-phase is reached. Finally at high OA concentration, excess OA is separated from the bulk aqueous solutions. TTAOH/SA/H2O system usually forms white precipitating at 25℃ due to the high chain melting temperature of SA. When heated to 60℃, however, the state of samples changes. At fixed total surfactant concentration of 25 mg/mL, an isotropic L1 phase and a milk-white or bluish Lα-phase are observed with increasing SA concentration. Transparent thin layers which are strongly birefringent form at the tops of some samples within the Lα-phase region. Finally, at high SA concentration, excess SA is separated from the bulk aqueous solutions. In addition to phase behavior study, we also measured the conductivity of TTAOH/OA/H2O system at 25℃ and TTAOH/SA/H2O system at 60℃, respectively. Surface tension and rheological measurements were also performed on typical samples.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20833010 and 20803045)the Foundation of Ministry of Education of China for New Teachers (200804221008)
文摘A metal-ligand coordinated surfactant system formed by calcium dodecylsulfate(Ca(DS)2)/tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO)/H2O was studied in terms of surface tension,conductivity,negative-staining TEM,phase behavior and rheological operation.In C14DMAO solution,when Ca(DS)2 is added,metal-ligand complexes form between the Ca 2+and N→O group of C14DMAO.Under this metal-ligand driving force,different phases can be obtained at different concentrations and different ratios of Ca(DS)2 and C14DMAO.At the fixed C14DMAO concentration,L1-phase consisting of spherical micelles forms at first.With the addition of Ca(DS)2,the spherical micelles elongate to be wormlike micelles and then after an L1/L-two phase region,the birefringent vesicle-phase(Lv-phase)region is observed.When Ca(DS)2 concentration continues to increase,a gel-phase region is found after the Lv-phase region and then precipitates of undissolved Ca(DS)2 appear.The transition between different phases is affected by temperature remarkably.The wormlike micellar solutions and vesicle solutions were checked by rheological measurements and showed apparent viscoelasticity at high surfactant concentrations.
