珠江口伶仃洋风暴潮传播特性及影响因素数值模拟研究——以台风“山竹”为例

基于FVCOM海洋模式对珠江口伶仃洋内及周边海域的风暴潮增水传播过程进行研究。首先,建立珠江口风暴潮模型,采用超强台风“山竹”作为典型案例进行风暴潮过程模拟,并对模型的计算结果进行验证,发现模拟结果和测站潮位结果比较吻合;然后,对伶仃洋在“山竹”登陆前后的风暴潮增水过程的时空分布及变化特征进行分析。从伶仃洋湾口到湾顶选取12个点进行时间序列分析,发现除了因距离外海远近不同导致的相位差异外,基本特征相似,符合国际上类似海湾内的风暴潮增水波动特征,可分为初振段、主振段和余振段。为了进一步研究台风参数差异对伶仃洋风暴潮增水的影响,本文基于“山竹”超强台风的特征参数,设计了一系列变化条件下的数值试验,结果发现:(1)台风的登陆时间会影响到风暴潮增水和天文潮之间的相位关系,进而影响到增水的大小。如果风暴潮增水极值正好在天文潮高潮位,风暴潮增水就会削弱,而风暴潮增水正好在天文潮低潮位,风暴潮增水就会增强。(2)台风中心压差决定了台风风力的大小,从而影响风暴潮增水。但是在同一海湾内的影响在空间上并不相同,在较浅区域影响大而较深区域影响小。(3)台风路径会对风暴潮增水产生较大影响。基于“山竹”的路径,往西平移会导致湾内增水上升段前移,而往东平移则会引起湾内增水下降的延迟。在同样的登陆点,台风行进路线和海岸线之间的夹角较小时会增强伶仃洋内的风暴潮增水。

考虑流量变化影响的西江感潮河道潮汐特征分析

本文基于2015−2017年西江感潮河道的潮位数据,应用非平稳潮调和分析模型NS-TIDE,研究了不同周期分潮振幅和迟角的时空变化特征、潮汐动力构成变化和潮波变形特征,并讨论了感潮河道中的潮位变形、极低潮位颠倒等现象的形成原因。结果表明,不同于全日、半日分潮振幅的沿程衰减和迟角的沿程递增,浅水分潮振幅先增后减,MSf分潮振幅呈递增趋势、迟角有显著的增减交替变化;各个分潮的振幅洪季衰减速率大于枯季,迟角在洪季变化较大,表明径流顶托作用下的潮波向上游传播速度较慢。受径流、地形等因素的影响,在洪季和上游河段,MSf分潮振幅更大,潮汐动力由主分潮向次分潮转移,M4和M2分潮振幅比的变化表明潮汐变形显著,MSf与M2、S2分潮的振幅比较大时有最低低水位的颠倒现象。

A simple formula for predicting settling velocity of sediment particles

Based on the general relationship described by Cheng between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number of a particle, a new relationship between the Reynolds number and a dimensionless particle parameter is proposed. Using a trial-and-error procedure to minimize errors, the coefficients were determined and a formula was developed for predicting the settling velocity of natural sediment particles. This formula has higher prediction accuracy than other published formulas and it is applicable to all Reynolds numbers less than 2× 10^5.

On the Fourier approximation method for steady water waves

A computational method for steady water waves is presented on the basis of potential theory in the physical plane with spatial variables as independent quantities. The finite Fourier series are applied to approximating the free surface and potential function. A set of nonlinear algebraic equations for the Fourier coefficients are derived from the free surface kinetic and dynamic boundary conditions. These algebraic equations are numerically solved through Newton＇s iterative method, and the iterative stability is further improved by a relaxation technology. The integral properties of steady water waves are numerically analyzed, showing that （1） the set-up and the set-down are both non-monotonic quantities with the wave steepness, and （2） the Fourier spectrum of the free surface is broader than that of the potential function. The latter further leads us to explore a modification for the present method by approximating the free surface and potential function through different Fourier series, with the truncation of the former higher than that of the latter. Numerical tests show that this modification is effective, and can notably reduce the errors of the free surface boundary conditions.

Study on the double-logarithmic profile of tidal flow velocity in the near-bed layers

Tidal current velocity profile in the near-bed layers has been widely studied. The results showed that velocity profile in the near-bed layer obviously departure from the traditional logarithmic profile, due to the acceleration or deceleration. Although the logarithmic linear profile can reduce the rate of deviation from this, only it is a lower-order approximate solution. In this paper, considering the unsteady and non-linear features of tidal motion, the double logarithmic profile near-bed layers in estuarine and coastal waters is established on the assumption that the turbulent shear stress along the water depth was parabolic distribution, and on the basis of Prandtl＇s mixing length theory and yon Karman＇s self-similar theory. Having been verified the data observed at the West Solent in the south of England, and comparison of the logarithmic linear profile, it found that the double logarithmic profile is more precious than the latter. At last, the discussed results showed that： （1） The parabolic distribution of the tidal shear stresses verified good by the field data and experimental data, can be better reflected the basic features of the tidal shear stress deviating from linear distribution that is downward when to accelerate, upward when to decelerate. （2） The traditional logarithmic velocity profile is the zero-order approximation solution of the double logarithmic profile, the logarithmic linear profile is the first order, and the logarithmic parabolic profile is the second order. （3） Ignoring the conditions of diffusion and convection in the tida movement, the double logarithmic profile can reflect the tidal properties of acceleration or deceleration, so that the calculation of the friction velocity and roughness length are more reasonable. When the acceleration or the deceleration is about zero, the double logarithmic profile becomes the logarithmic profile.

电动车快慢充电口盖机构设计

通过对充电口位置布置、线束改布,充电口盖安装结构、外板形状、部件选材等方面的选择和设计,对某电动车的快慢充电口盖进行了改进设计。改进了充电口盖机构中各个部件与其他系统部件的干涉关系,通过仿真检验了充电口盖布置的合理性。提出了改进车中机构的注意要点。完成了对参考车型充电口总成的改进与设计。

An extended time-dependent numerical model of the mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear amplitude dispersion

In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended elliptic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simplest time-dependent hyperbolic equation. Based on this equation and the empirical nonlinear amplitude dispersion relation proposed by Li et al. （2003）, the numerical scheme is established. Error analysis by Taylor expansion method shows that the numerical stability of the present model succeeds the merits in Song et al. （2007）＇s model because of the introduced dissipation terms. For the purpose of verifying its performance on wave nonlinearity, rapidly varying topography and wave breaking, the present model is applied to study： （1） wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope （Berkhoff et al., 1982）; （2） Bragg reflection of monochromatic waves from the sinusoidal ripples （Davies and Heathershaw, 1985）; （3） wave transformation near a shore attached breakwater （Watanabe and Maruyama, 1986）. Comparisons of the numerical solutions with the experimental or theoretical ones or with those of other models （REF/DIF model and FUNWAVE model） show good results, which indicate that the present model is capable of giving favorably predictions of wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, breaking energy dissipation and weak nonlinearity in the near shore zone.

大学生方程式赛车排气系统优化设计

参照中国大学生方程式比赛的规则,在规则范围内优化设计一套全新的适用于方程式竞赛的排气系统。根据发动机的选择确定排气管路的设计思路,完成排气管关键参数的计算和排气管的布置方案,利用CATIA软件对新排气系统进行三维建模,将其导入ANSYS中使用Fluent做有限元流体分析,将分析结果与优化前的设计进行对比分析发现,在降低排气系统重量之后,可以明显地提高排气效率和发动机的动力表现。

Chinese progress in geomorphometry

Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis （DTA）, is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science （GIS）. Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphological research is popular among Chinese schol- ars, and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research. In this paper, we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature. There are three major areas of progress： digital terrain modelling methods, DTA methods, and applications of digital terrain models （DTMs）. First, traditional vector- and raster-based terrain modelling methods, including the assessment of uncertainty, have received widespread attention. New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector, high-fidelity, and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research. Second, in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives geomorphological features, and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs, DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata, ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures. Third, DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change, analysis of various typical regions, lunar surface and other related fields. Clearly, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry. Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis, particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.

On the universal third order Stokes wave solution

This paper presents a universal third-order Stokes solution with uniform current. This solution is derived on the basis of potential theory by expanding the free surface and potential function in Fourier series and determining the Fourier coefficients by solving a set of nonlinear algebraic equations through the Taylor expansion and perturbation method. The universal solution is expressed upon the still water depth with the still water level as datum and retains a global perturbation parameter. The wave set-up term generated by the self-interaction of oscillatory waves is explicitly included in the free surface function. With the use of different definitions for the wave celerity, different water levels as the datum, different non-dimensional variables as the perturbation parameter, and different treatments for the total head, the universal solution can be reduced to the existing various Stokes solutions, thus explaining the reasons and the physical significance of different non-periodic terms in them, such as the positive or negative constant term in the free surface expression and the time-or space-proportional term in the potential function.