河北省5种维管植物分布新记录

在河北省唐山市进行野生植物资源考察时,发现5个河北维管植物分布新记录,分别为薄叶二行芥Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC.、大蒜芥Sisymbrium altissimum L.、两栖蔊菜Rorippa amphibia Besser、银背委陵菜Po-tentilla argentea L.和小叶大戟Euphorbia makinoi Hayata。凭证标本藏于曹妃甸区农业农村局植保站。

Holocene climate change and anthropogenic activity records in Svalbard: a unique perspective based on Chinese research from Ny-?lesund

Climate change in the Arctic region is more rapid than that in other areas owing to Arctic amplification. To better understand climate change and the driving mechanisms, long-term historical reconstructions throughout the Holocene and high-resolution records of the past few hundred years are required. Intense anthropogenic activities in the Arctic have had a great impact on the local environment. Here, we review the Holocene climate change record, responses of the ecosystems to climate change, and the anthropogenic impacts on the environment based mainly on Chinese research from Ny-Alesund. Climate reconstruction studies from Svalbard have revealed several cold episodes during the Holocene, which are consistent with ice rafting events in the North Atlantic region and glacier activity from Greenland, Iceland, and Svalbard. The ecosystem also showed corresponding responses to climate change, especially during the late Holocene. Over recent decades, anthropogenic activities have caused serious pollution and deterioration to the local environment in Svalbard in areas frequented by people. Greater environmental protection is therefore needed to reduce the anthropogenic impacts on the local environment.

Observations of stratospheric ozone above Ny-?lesund in the Arctic, 2010–2011

Stratosphere ozone depletion above the Arctic region has drawn increased attention recently. Here we present stratospheric ozone column densities above Ny-？lesund in the Arctic during summer 2010 and 2011, based on a self-developed passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy（DOAS） technique. By analyzing the received scattered solar spectrum, daily variations of ozone vertical column densities（VCDs） were obtained and correlated with satellite-borne ozone monitoring results and ozone sonde data. The comparisons showed good correlation, confirming the feasibility of DOAS in high-latitude Arctic regions. The preliminary analysis also demonstrated that abnormal low-level ozone columns found in spring 2011 had negative impacts on total ozone column densities over the entire year. The loss of stratospheric ozone may be correlated with low stratospheric temperatures, where heterogeneous atmospheric reactions were active.

燕山维管植物新记录

由于全球气候变化以及城镇化的快速发展,燕山地区的生物多样性正在遭受严重威胁。近年来,为了摸清该区域的植物本底,在充分收集文献的基础上,采用样线和样方相结合的方法对燕山地区进行了全面调查,为生物多样性的有效管理提供基础资料。调查结果显示,燕山地区植物资源相对比较丰富,共发现河北省维管植物新记录8种,分别是卷柏科(Selaginellaceae)的膜叶卷柏(Selaginella leptophylla Baker)、凤尾蕨科(Pteridiaceae)的普通凤了蕨(Coniogramme intermedia Hieron.)、毛茛科(Ranuculaceae)的卷毛蔓乌头(Aconitum volubile Pall. ex Koelle var. pubescens Regel)、茶藨子科(Grossulariaceae)的黑茶藨子(Ribes nigrum L.)、葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae)的刺果瓜(Sicyos angulatus L.)、槭树科(Aceraceae)的细裂槭(Acer pilosum Maxim.var.stenolobum(Rehder)W. P. Fang)、锦葵科(Malvaceae)的刺黄花稔(Sida spinosa L.)和菊科(Asteraceae)的梁子菜(Erechtites hieraciifolius(L.)Raf.ex DC.)。这些分类群的发现,是对燕山植物区系的重要补充。随着野外工作的不断深入,也许会有更多的新分布或新类群被报道。需要重视的是近几十年来外来入侵物种呈持续上升趋势,在以后的研究中需特别关注。

北极黄河站生态环境考察与研究进展

北极黄河站位于北极斯瓦尔巴群岛新奥尔松地区,是生态系统对全球变化响应监测与研究的理想之地。我国自2004年建站以来,开展了系统的王湾海域生态断面和陆地植被样方的长期监测与研究,同时开展了环境污染和鸟类种群变迁等方面的考察与研究。结果表明:冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,而范氏藓等可很好地反映该地区同时期的气温变化;从北极黄河站周边区域的海底沉积物、土壤、湖沉积物和冰川冰碛中分离获得了3个北极新属和21个北极新种,并发现了部分活性菌株;王湾海域微型浮游生物存在较高的生物多样性,其表层水存在潜在氮限制;微藻对温度有较好的适应性,具有通过自身调节来适应北极环境变化的能力;苔原植物对重金属具富集能力,大气传输是持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染来源的最主要途径;鸟类方面,在距今9 400年海鸟就已在该地区生活繁衍,种群数量存在明显波动并在距今7 650年左右达到最大。未来应坚持监测断面和样方的长期监测,进一步掌握生物群落的变化趋势;融合我国在该地区的大气、冰川、样方和海洋监测,开展大气-冰雪-陆地-海洋相互作用研究,聚焦科学问题并形成我国在该地区的研究特色。

生物有机肥对烟草青枯病的防效及对土壤细菌群落的影响

烟草青枯病是一种危害严重的土传性病害,为了防治烟草青枯病,筛选了3株拮抗青枯雷尔氏菌的芽孢杆菌(甲基营养型芽孢杆菌JK3、枯草芽孢杆菌JK4和解淀粉芽孢杆菌JK10),将其发酵液添加到有机肥中,经二次发酵后获得生物有机肥(SF2、SF4),施入烟田。结果表明,生物有机肥能较好地防治烟草青枯病,同时促进烟株的生长,SF2、SF4处理的防效分别为82.18%、68.82%。同时,采用高通量测序技术分析了土壤细菌的群落结构,发现生物有机肥显著影响了土壤细菌的群落结构,促进了土壤中有益菌(如鞘氨醇单胞菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、耐热芽孢杆菌、梭菌属等)的增殖。芽孢杆菌和链霉菌的数量也明显增加,推测链霉菌和芽孢杆菌可抑制青枯雷尔氏菌的繁殖,进而控制烟草青枯病的发生。施用添加拮抗芽孢杆菌的生物有机肥是防治烟草青枯病的一项有效措施。

Relocation of the Yellow River Estuary in 1855 AD Recorded in the Sediment Core from the Northern Yellow Sea

Relocation of the Yellow River estuary has significant impacts on not only terrestrial environment and human activities,but also sedimentary and ecological environments in coastal seas.The responses of regional geochemical characteristics to the relocation event,however,have not been well studied.In the present study,we performed detailed geochemical elemental analyses of a sediment core from the northern Yellow Sea and studied their geochemical responses to the 1855 AD relocation of the Yellow River estuary.The results show that TOC/TN,Co/Al2O3,Cr/Al2O3,Ni/Al2O3and Se/Al2O3ratios all decreased abruptly after 1855 AD,and similar decreases are observed in the sediments of the mud area southwest off the Cheju Island.These abrupt changes are very likely caused by the changes in source materials due to the relocation of the Yellow River estuary from the southern Yellow Sea to the Bohai Sea,which the corresponding decreasing trends caused by the changes in main source materials from those transported by the Liaohe River,the Haihe River and the Luanhe River to those by the Yellow River.Because the events have precise ages recorded in historical archives,these obvious changes in elemental geochemistry of sediments can be used to calibrate age models of related coastal sea sediments.

河北省十字花科庭荠属一新分布变种——北方庭荠

本文报道了河北省康宝县十字花科庭荠属一新分布变种——北方庭荠(Alyssum lenense Adams var.lenense)。

High resolution oxygen isotope and grayscale records of a medieval fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the South China Sea: physiological and paleoclimatic implications

Mollusks are well known for their detailed recording of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes in their carbonate shells. In this study, we constructed 18-year blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles of a14C dated （AD 990±40） fossil giant clam,Tridacna gigas, from Shidao Island, South China Sea. Theδ18O profile of theT. gigas specimen displayed regular annual cycles and was probably controlled by seasonal variations of the climatic parameters. The blue color intensity profile showed good agreement with theδ18O series, and both had 18 clear annual cycles in accordance with the 18 visually identified annual growth bands. The annual shell growth rate determined from the blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles indicated that the annual shell increment of theTridacna specimen was stable after the onset of sexual ma-turity. Spectral analysis of theδ18O and blue color intensity time series suggested that the El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） period observed in the instrumental temperature and precipitation records of the South China Sea during the past 50 years also existed in medieval times. Our results showed that fossil giant clams could provide a good archive of historical intra-seasonal to decadal climate variations.

Stimulation of gaseous phosphine production from Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils

Matrix-bound phosphine （MBP） is a general term used to indicate non-gaseous reduced phosphorus compounds that are transformed into phosphine gas upon reaction with bases or acids. Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils were used as materials to compare the different digestion methods for transforming matrix-bound phosphine into phosphine gas. The results demonstrated that more phosphine gas in most of Antarctic environmental materials was formed of matrix-bound phosphine by caustic digestion than by acidic digestion. The comparative study on different digestion methods also revealed that the fraction of MBP converted to gaseous phosphine during the digestion depended on the temperature. The optimal digestion temperature was close to 70℃and the optimal digestion time was about 20 min. Acidic conditions were more favorable for the release of matrix-bound phosphine compared to the neutral conditions. A proper water dilution can increase the production and emission of phosphine from the Antarctic penguin guanos.

Potential Applications of X-ray Fluorescence Core Scanner in Elemental Analyses of the Muddy Sediments on the Coastal Shelves of China and in Ecological Study

Large areas of muddy sediments on the coastal shelves of China provide important samples for studying climate and ecological changes.Analysis of a large number of such samples,which is essential for systematic study on environmental information recorded in mud areas because of complicated sedimentary environment and variable sedimentary rate,requires a fast and economical method.In this study,we investigated the potential of X-ray fluorescence core scanner(XRFS),a fast analytical instrument for measuring the elemental concentrations of muddy sediments,and observed a significant correlation between the element concentrations of muddy sediments determined by regular X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)and XRFS,respectively.The correlations are mainly determined by excitation energy of elements,but also influenced by solubility of element ions.Furthermore,we found a striking link between Al concentrations and marine-originated organic carbon(MOC),a proxy of marine primary productivity.This indicates that MOC is partly controlled by sedimentary characteristics.Therefore,XRFS method has a good potential in fast analysis of a large number of muddy sediment samples,and it can also be used to calibrate MOC in ecological study of coastal seas.

Responses of Primary Productivity to Current and Climate Changes in the Mud Area to the Southwest of Cheju Island During the Past 800 Years

The biogenic silica (BSi) ,total organic carbon (TOC) ,total nitrogen (TN) and grain size were analyzed with a gravity core (3250-6) collected from the mud area in the north East China Sea.The average deposition rate of the upper core was about 0.078cm yr1based on the results of 210Pbex.The mean grain size increased with depth in general.The frequency distribution of grain size showed that two marked changes of deposition environment occurred at 30 cm and 50 cm depths (about 1550 AD and 1300 AD,respectively) .The variations of BSi and TOC indicated two distinct major periods of primary productivity over the past 800 years:a stage of low primary productivity corresponding to weak upwelling and low nutrient input below 30 cm depth (about 1200-1550 AD) ,and a stage of high primary productivity with strong currents and upwelling above 30 cm depth (about 1550-1950 AD) .The stage with high primary productive appeared to be due to the northward-expanded muddy area caused by strong Asian Winter Monsoon and enhanced Yellow Sea Warm Current in winter.In conclusion,the BSi and TOC in the muddy sediments,the symbols of marine primary productivity,can be then used to investigate the evolution history of currents and relative climate change in the offshore areas.

A 2200-year Record of Seabird Population on Ganquan Island,South China Sea

Geochemical characteristics of a 107 cm long sediment profile,collected from Ganquan Island,South China Sea,were analyzed.Based on concentrations of bio-elements（Cu,Zn,Cd,Ba,As, Se,P）,^（210）Pb and AMS^（14）C dating,we reconstructed seabird population of Ganquan Island over the past 2200 years.Seabirds inhabited this island more than 2200 years ago,and their population displayed remarkable fluctuations with two peaks around 2100-1850 yr BP and 900-300 yr BP,respectively.The seabird population change profile on Ganquan Island is similar to that on Dongdao Island over the past 1800 years.We examined the relationship between the seabird population and climate,and found it quite complicated.The seabird population did not reach the maximum during the Medical Warm Period（MWP）with relatively high average temperature;however,it remained near the peak value for about 600 years during the climatic transition period and the Little Ice Age（LIA）,indicating that a relatively cool climate is favorable for seabirds on Ganquan Island.

Ecological responses of typical Antarctic marine organisms to climate change and anthropogenic impacts

To improve our understanding and ability to predict biological responses to global climate change, it is important to be able to distinguish the influences of natural forcing from anthropogenic impacts. In the ice-free areas of Antarctica, lake and terrestrial sediments that contain penguin guanos, seal excrement and other biological remains provide natural archives of ecological, geological and climatic information that range from hundreds to thousands of years old. Our review focuses on the paleoecology of typical Antarctic marine organisms （penguins, seals and Antarctic krill） and their responses to climate change and human activities over centennial and millennial timescales. Land-based seabirds and marine mammals play an important role in linking the marine and terrestrial ecosystems and act as bio-vectors, transporting large amounts of nutrients and contaminants from ocean to land.

Heavy Metal Distributions and Source Tracing in the Lacustrine Sediments of Dongdao Island,South China Sea

The levels and depth distributions of As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Fe and Mn in two sediment cores DY2 and DY4 collected from the ＂Cattle Pond＂ of Dongdao Island, South China Sea, were determined and analyzed with the main objective to identify the sources of these elements and evaluate the corresponding sedimentological and geochemical processes. Lithological characters and sedimentary parameters such as LOI950℃, CaO, LOI550℃ and TOC indicate that the depth of 96 cm and 87 cm are the critical points for DY2 and DY4 cores, respectively. As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and P are remarkably enriched in the ornithogenic sediments above the critical depth points; their concentration-versus-depth profiles are similar to those of TOC and LOI550℃; the ratios of As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg over Ca are significantly correlated with P/Ca. Statistical and comparative analyses of these elements＇ levels in the ornithogenic sediments of DY2 and DY4 strongly suggest that seabird droppings are the main source of these elements. Additionally, for the upper sediment layers of DY2 and DY4 cores, Fe oxide sorption mechanism, like organic matter, may also play an important role in the abundances of heavy metals. Heavy metal Pb has geochemical characteristics distinctly different from those of As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and P, and its isotope composition indicates an origin of anthropogenic emissions from the surrounding countries. These geochemical characteristics in the orinithogenic sediments of Xisha Islands are compared with the studies in the remote Antarctic and Arctic regions.

土的粒度成分对土体可注性的影响分析

土体中粒度成分对土体的渗透性有着直接影响。在标准砂中加入不同比例的原状土来模拟不同黏粒含量的土体,通过变水头渗透实验测出了试验土样的渗透系数;利用SPSS软件回归出了土的黏粒含量与渗透系数的函数关系,进而简化了土体渗透注浆中浆液扩散半径的确定方法。对Maag公式进行了推演,为渗透注浆中选定注浆材料、确定浆液配比、注浆压力和注浆时间提供了理论依据。

Analysis of phosphorus forms in sediment cores from ephemeral ponds on Ardley Island, West Antarctica

The guano of penguins, other seabirds, and pinnipeds is an important source of phosphorus in the ecosystems of Antarctica. To study the vertical distribution of phosphorus in sediments influenced by penguins, we measured phosphorus forms in two sediment cores （（31 and Q2） from ephemeral ponds on Ardley Island. We also investigated the correlations between these phosphorus forms and physicochemical characteristics. Inorganic phosphorus was the main form of phosphorus in both cores. The vertical distribution patterns of phosphorus forms in G1 and Q2 differed, indicating different sedimentary sources. The GI sediment profile was more influenced by penguin guano than the Q2 profile, and as a result sediments in the G1 core had higher total phosphorus, non-apatite inorganic phosphorus, and apatite phosphorus content. The findings from two ephemeral ponds on Ardley Island indicate that the contribution of penguin guano to organic matter in G1 core has increased in recent times, while Q2 showed a relatively larger contribution from mosses in ancient times, evident from the lithology and the vertical trend in organic matter.

An Introduction to the Special Issue

Shelf seas are important systems supporting China’s rapid economic and societal developments.However,the Yellow Sea(YS)and the East China Sea(ECS)environments have undergone dramatic changes recently,which have profoundly impacted their ecosystem health.Being within the Asian monsoon-dominated region,the environment of the YS and the ECS is influenced by oceanic processes such as the intrusion of the Kuroshio Current(KC)and by human activities of China’s rapidly developed coastal regions.Thus,the YS and the ECS are ideal regions to understand and to distinguish the influences

Records in palaeo-notch sediment: changes in palaeoproductivity and their link to climate change from Svalbard

Palaeo-notch sediment, accumulated in lacustrine environment, is a reliable proxy material for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental research. In this study, we collected a palaeo-notch sediment profile from the Blomstrandhalv?ya, used multiple geochemical proxies to reconstruct palaleoproductivity variations, and investigated their link to climatic records from surrounding regions. C/N atomic ratios and carbon isotope indicate that organic matter in the sediment is mainly derived from lacustrine algae. Toward the surface sediment, the TOC, TN, P contents and the reconstructed palaeoproductivity show remarkable fluctuations with several peaks and troughs, opposite to the variation trend of the CaCO3 contents. Changes in the reconstructed palaeoproductivity are in good agreement with palaeoclimatic records from the surrounding regions, and three interruptions are likely linked to the well-known cooling periods around 1900 BP, 2800 BP and 4200 BP. Thus palaeoproductivity variations on the Blomstrandhalv?ya are mainly driven by climate changes; palaeoproductivity increase during warmer periods, and vice versa. This study will help the research of Arctic lake ecosystem and its response to climate change.

Organic geochemical characterization on a seal excrement sediment core from Fildes Peninsula,Western Antarctica

Organic geochemical analysis was performed on a sediment core HN1 from Fildes Peninsula on King George Island, Western Antarctica. Short-chain n-alkanes were the main components of the aliphatic hydrocarbons present, and they were likely to be from algae and bacteria; n-C23 was likely derived from moss. Fecal sterols and phytol dominated the alcohol composition, and may have come from seal feces and vegetation, respectively. The fluctuations in their concentrations generally have responded to historical changes in the ecosystems near the region. The even-carbon fatty acids, such as n-Cl6, n-Cl8 and t/-C24, dominated the alkenoic acid composition, which mainly originated from bacteria, moss and zooplankton. The low concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids showed a predominance of C16：1 and C18：1 unsaturated acids, and demonstrated that the sediment was well preserved and had a simple and stable source of organic materials.