Review of Groundwater Potentials and Groundwater Hydrochemistry of Semi-arid Hadejia-Yobe Basin,North-eastern Nigeria

Understanding the hydrochemical and hydrogeological physiognomies of subsurface water in a semi-arid region is important for the effective management of water resources.This paper presents a thorough review of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Hadejia-Yobe basin.The hydrochemical and hydrogeological configurations as reviewed indicated that the Chad Formation is the prolific aquifer in the basin.Boreholes piercing the Gundumi formation have a depth ranging from 20-85 meters.The hydrochemical composition of groundwater revealed water of excellent quality,as all the studied parameters were found to have concentrations within WHO and Nigeria’s standard for drinking water quality.However,further studies are required for further evaluation of water quality index,heavy metal pollution index,and irrigation water quality.Also,geochemical,and stable isotope analysis is required for understanding the provenance of salinity and hydrogeochemical controls on groundwater in the basin.

Reassessing Groundwater Potentials and Subsurface water Hydrochemistry in a Tropical Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

This review presented a detailed re-assessment of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Tropical Anambra Basin.It identified and discussed the major geological formations and their groundwater potentials.The geological examination showed that the Ajali Formation is confined in places forming an artesian condition;the potentials of this aquifer decline in the western basin due to a decrease in thickness.The sandstone associates of the Nsukka Formation are aquiferous and have produced high-pressure artesian boreholes along the Oji River.The Imo Shale is characterized by permeability stability all over much of the intermediate unit.The Bende-Ameki aquifer has a lesser amount of groundwater when equated to other formations;the geologic characteristics do not produce favorable hydrogeological conditions for groundwater occurrence.The stratigraphical and structural framework suggested the presence of an efficient throughflow in the basin.Based on physical and chemical parameters of water quality,the basin holds water of acceptable quality.While there are considerable investigations on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry,studies are short of analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater,water quality index,heavy metals pollution index as well as total hazard quotient.Suitability of groundwater based on agricultural water quality indices(e.g.SAR)is also salient.Therefore,future studies should address these owing to increasing dependence on groundwater.

Re-examination of Hydrochemistry and Groundwater Potentials of Cross River and Imo-Kwa-Ibo Intersecting Tropical Basins of South-South Nigeria

This review attempted a detailed description of geological and hydrogeological configurations of Cross River and Imo-Akwa Ibo basins.It presented a synthesis of hydrochemistry and a description of the hydrogeological configurations of the two basins.Hydrogeologically,most areas under Cross River and Imo-Kwa-Ibo are poor in terms of groundwater potentials.Based on the hydrochemistry,the basins hold water of excellent quality.Groundwater sources fall in soft to moderately hard classes.The entire sources groundwater has a TDS concentration of less than 500 mg/l.Groundwater classification based on electrical conductivity(EC)showed EC levels were less than 500μS/cm.Most of the examined cations and anions are within WHO reference guidelines for drinking water quality.However,no broad analysis of water quality based on water quality indices.Also,studies modeling pollution or the impact of land use changes on groundwater quality are wanting.Thus,further analysis of the hydrochemistry of groundwater aquifers is recommended.

Examination of Surface Water Along River-Rima Floodplain in Wamakko, Sokoto State, Nigeria

This study examined the hydrochemistry of surface water along the River-Rima floodplain area.Five sampling locations were purposively selected,and,in each point,three samples were taken from surface water(river).The sampling was repeated after 20 days.Thus,a total of 30 samples were collected.Water samples obtained were subjected to laboratory tests.Results revealed that BOD,TDS,Mg2+,and Fe3+are above the World Health Organization(WHO)and Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON)reference guidelines for drinking water quality.Isolates detected from the coliform bacteriological analysis include Enterobacter aerogene,Escherichia coli,and Citrobacter freundii with most of the samples showing coliform bacteria growth above the SON standard for drinking water.Hence,the water in the River-Rima floodplain of the Wamakko area is of low quality and unsafe for drinking.Results of principal component analysis(PCA)revealed external influences such as pollutant wash off and rock weathering as controls on hydrochemistry of surface water.There is some indication of anthropogenic inputs(Cl-,NO3-,and PO42-)based on hierarchical cluster analysis.Elements including Cl-,NO3-,and PO42-are increasingly added into surface water from human activities,mainly agriculture,and municipal sewage.