Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses

The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and peyer’s patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome Presenting with Abdominal Pain: A Case Report

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by triad of uterus didelphys, obstructed hemi vagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The most common presentation is abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, and abdominal mass secondary to hemi-hematometrocolpos. We report an emergency presentation of this syndrome during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Qatif Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia, April 2020. An 11-year-old Saudi girl presented to the emergency room with three months history of cyclical lower abdominal pain. The pain was progressive, continuous and not relieved by analgesics. Abdominal examination revealed a tender abdominal mass mainly in the left iliac fossa, Ultrasound evaluation showed two uterine bodies. The left uterus was distended with complex fluid. Pelvic MRI findings consistent with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome were found with uterine didelphys and left sided hematometra resulting from obstructed hemi-vagina and ipsilateral agenesis of the left kidney. Resection of the vaginal septum and drainage of hematometra was done. The patient recovered with normal cyclical menstruation. Cyclical or continuous lower abdominal pain with or without amenorrhea is the usual presentation of HWW syndrome during adolescence. Diagnosis is made by ultrasonography and MRI. Early diagnosis and accurate management can provide pain relief, prevent future complications, and preserve fertility.