A taxonomy of built asset information coupling

The digital transformation of the built asset industry is moving toward closer integration of physical and digital assets and resources.Within the framework of Cyber-Physical Systems(CPSs)and Digital Twins(DTs),an increasing number of studies focus on the technical aspects of CPS and DT.However,a unified framework describing the dimensions and characteristics essential for integrating lifecycle information remains elusive.To leverage these concepts effectively,it is necessary to develop new frameworks to classify and put into relationship various components that comprise the lifecycle information integration of physical and digital assets and resources.This paper addresses these gaps by proposing a taxonomy of Built Asset Lifecycle Information Couples,which outlines the dimensions and characteristics crucial for the lifecycle information integration of built assets and resources.The proposed taxonomy contributes to the efforts aimed at organizing the knowledge domain of lifecycle information management in the built environment.