Backgrounds: One of the fundamental needs of a community is to have an access to healthy and safe drinking water. The lack of a concentrated accessibility to health facilities and services is among the serious problem...Backgrounds: One of the fundamental needs of a community is to have an access to healthy and safe drinking water. The lack of a concentrated accessibility to health facilities and services is among the serious problems facing villagers in the rural areas. The aims of this research was to investigate the drinking water quality of the villages in Babol township suburbs in north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 140 water samples were taken from the water distribution network in16 villages for the low and high-rain seasons in sterile glass bottle. The microbial quality of gathered samples were determined based on standard methods in laboratory. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using a SPSS16 statistical software. Findings: Based on obtained results 13.6% of the samples were contaminated to coliform and 20% to fecal coliform bacteria. The residual chlorine in 12.5% of the samples were between 0.2 to 0.8 mg·L-1 and the PH in total samples were between 6.8 to 7.8. There were no signs of any contamination for 32.86% of the analysed samples which water resources is located to a distance of more than 30 m to the contamination sources. In addition, 43.1% of the samples taken from the water resources with no plumbing system, have had a fecal contamination. Conclusions: Considering the results achieved, the microbial quality of the drinking water of the studied villages classified as “moderate” status. For more water supply there is not sufficient residual chlorine in most cases. Poor sanitation of water supply is most causes of water contamination. It is therefore strongly recommended that sanitation measures are made to protect water resources from the contamination.展开更多
Objective:To identify the risk factors of Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)in diarrheal patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU)in Tehran Baharloo Hospital.Methods:A case-control study was conducted on ICU...Objective:To identify the risk factors of Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)in diarrheal patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU)in Tehran Baharloo Hospital.Methods:A case-control study was conducted on ICU patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea.A total of 101 patients were divided into two groups:the case group(CDI positive,n=47)and the control group(CDI negative,n=54).The baseline information such as use of antibiotics,other drugs administration,treatments before diarrhea,laboratory results,and vital signs of the two groups were compared.Besides,logistic regression model was used to assess the correlation between CDI positivity and mortality.Results:Hospital stay length,ICU stay length,duration from admission to diarrhea onset,and nasogastric feeding duration,mechanical ventilation rate and its duration were significantly different from these of the control group(P<0.05).The frequency of proton pump inhibitor and carbapenem in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In addition,age had a significant effect on the mortality of CDI patients.Conclusions:Patients with older age,longer duration of hospital or ICU stay,longer duration of endotracheal feeding and/or intubation were more susceptible to CDI.In addition,proton pump inhibitor and carbapenem use influenced the gut microbiome diversity and increased the CDI risk in patients.展开更多
文摘Backgrounds: One of the fundamental needs of a community is to have an access to healthy and safe drinking water. The lack of a concentrated accessibility to health facilities and services is among the serious problems facing villagers in the rural areas. The aims of this research was to investigate the drinking water quality of the villages in Babol township suburbs in north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 140 water samples were taken from the water distribution network in16 villages for the low and high-rain seasons in sterile glass bottle. The microbial quality of gathered samples were determined based on standard methods in laboratory. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using a SPSS16 statistical software. Findings: Based on obtained results 13.6% of the samples were contaminated to coliform and 20% to fecal coliform bacteria. The residual chlorine in 12.5% of the samples were between 0.2 to 0.8 mg·L-1 and the PH in total samples were between 6.8 to 7.8. There were no signs of any contamination for 32.86% of the analysed samples which water resources is located to a distance of more than 30 m to the contamination sources. In addition, 43.1% of the samples taken from the water resources with no plumbing system, have had a fecal contamination. Conclusions: Considering the results achieved, the microbial quality of the drinking water of the studied villages classified as “moderate” status. For more water supply there is not sufficient residual chlorine in most cases. Poor sanitation of water supply is most causes of water contamination. It is therefore strongly recommended that sanitation measures are made to protect water resources from the contamination.
文摘Objective:To identify the risk factors of Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)in diarrheal patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU)in Tehran Baharloo Hospital.Methods:A case-control study was conducted on ICU patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea.A total of 101 patients were divided into two groups:the case group(CDI positive,n=47)and the control group(CDI negative,n=54).The baseline information such as use of antibiotics,other drugs administration,treatments before diarrhea,laboratory results,and vital signs of the two groups were compared.Besides,logistic regression model was used to assess the correlation between CDI positivity and mortality.Results:Hospital stay length,ICU stay length,duration from admission to diarrhea onset,and nasogastric feeding duration,mechanical ventilation rate and its duration were significantly different from these of the control group(P<0.05).The frequency of proton pump inhibitor and carbapenem in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In addition,age had a significant effect on the mortality of CDI patients.Conclusions:Patients with older age,longer duration of hospital or ICU stay,longer duration of endotracheal feeding and/or intubation were more susceptible to CDI.In addition,proton pump inhibitor and carbapenem use influenced the gut microbiome diversity and increased the CDI risk in patients.
