A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identi...A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identified as an important component for radiation protection because of its radiation exposure control functionality.The radiation protection classification leads to more assurance of the component design.In order to validate and verify the design of the shield module,a neutronic laboratory-scale experiment is designed and executed.The experiment is planned by considering the irradiation under a neutron source of 14 MeV and yields of 1010 n s-1.The reference neutron spectrum of the ITER TBM shield module has been achieved through optimization of the neutron source spectrum by a combination of steel and lead materials.The neutron spectrum and flux are measured using a multiple foil activation technique and neutron dose-rate meter LB 6411 (He-3 proton recoil counter with polyethylene),respectively.The neutronic design simulation is assessed using MCNP5 and FENDL 2.1 crosssection data.The paper covers neutronic design,irradiation and the outcome of the experiment in detail.展开更多
The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has necessitated special considerations in the management of diseases.The way presence of pre-existing diseases or treatment for it predisposes to,alters course o...The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has necessitated special considerations in the management of diseases.The way presence of pre-existing diseases or treatment for it predisposes to,alters course of,and changes the management of COVID-19,is of relevance and is being extensively studied.Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is unique in that it is an autoimmune disease mandating treatment with immunosuppressive drugs,as well as a liver disease with potential for varying degrees of underlying fibrosis.The use of immunosuppressive drugs could alter the risk of acquiring COVID-19,the clinical course and severity of COVID-19 and the degree of underlying liver fibrosis could alter the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19.In this review,we try to summarize key areas relevant in understanding and improving the clinical care of patients with AIH in the current pandemic.Special considerations required in the management of patients with AIH in COVID-19 hotspots have been outlined based on the current evidence.展开更多
文摘A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas.The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels.It is identified as an important component for radiation protection because of its radiation exposure control functionality.The radiation protection classification leads to more assurance of the component design.In order to validate and verify the design of the shield module,a neutronic laboratory-scale experiment is designed and executed.The experiment is planned by considering the irradiation under a neutron source of 14 MeV and yields of 1010 n s-1.The reference neutron spectrum of the ITER TBM shield module has been achieved through optimization of the neutron source spectrum by a combination of steel and lead materials.The neutron spectrum and flux are measured using a multiple foil activation technique and neutron dose-rate meter LB 6411 (He-3 proton recoil counter with polyethylene),respectively.The neutronic design simulation is assessed using MCNP5 and FENDL 2.1 crosssection data.The paper covers neutronic design,irradiation and the outcome of the experiment in detail.
文摘The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has necessitated special considerations in the management of diseases.The way presence of pre-existing diseases or treatment for it predisposes to,alters course of,and changes the management of COVID-19,is of relevance and is being extensively studied.Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is unique in that it is an autoimmune disease mandating treatment with immunosuppressive drugs,as well as a liver disease with potential for varying degrees of underlying fibrosis.The use of immunosuppressive drugs could alter the risk of acquiring COVID-19,the clinical course and severity of COVID-19 and the degree of underlying liver fibrosis could alter the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19.In this review,we try to summarize key areas relevant in understanding and improving the clinical care of patients with AIH in the current pandemic.Special considerations required in the management of patients with AIH in COVID-19 hotspots have been outlined based on the current evidence.
