Recent biotechnological trends in lactic acid bacterial fermentation for food processing industries

Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)are non-mobile,gram-positive,non-spore-forming,micro-aerophilic microorganisms widely explored as starter cultures food industry to enhance the gustatory,nutritional value,imparts appetizing favour,texture to milk,vegetative,meat foods and prolongs their shelf life.This vast review emphasis various LABs widely explored in the food industry.Herein,we have summarized the classifcation of LAB strains,their metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of lactic acid,ethanol,acetic acid and demonstrated their application in various food industries for making fermented milk(yoghurt),cheese,beverages,bread,and animal foods.The wide spectrum of LAB-based probiotics,bacteriocins,exopolysaccharides,bio preservative and their relevant benefts towards human health has also been discussed.Moreover,LAB bacteriocins and probiotics in food application may limit the growth of pathogenic,while boosting health immunity.Microbial exopolysaccharides have interesting characteristics for the fermented food industry as new functional foods.Later on,we have discussed the various advancement in metabolic engineering,synthetic biology tools,which have gained considerable interest to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway for tailoring cellular metabolism for high activity.

Biotechnological valorization of algal biomass:an overview

Algal biomass has significant advantages over terrestrial plants in terms of CO2 sequestration,biomass productivity,waste-water treatment along with multiple biobased products synthesis.Metabolic versatility and high carbohydrate content of microalgal biomass act as a potential alternative feedstock to fossil resources and contribute towards the biobased economy growth.Effective biomass utilization would play a key role to establish sustainable bioprocess development and technology translation to the industrial community.In this framework,the present review discusses the renewable resource potential of algal biomass and its complete utilization for multiple biobased products synthesis in a closed-loop biorefinery approach.Various methods are discussed to obtain high biomass growth and pretreatments to obtain the maximum sugars solubiliza-tion.Further,combined bioprocesses were discussed for the production of biohydrogen,biomethane,bioethanol,short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA),and biopolymers in a closed-loop approach.

Bioelectrochemical system-mediated waste valorization

Bioelectrochemical systems(BESs)are a new and emerging technology in the field of fermentation technology.Electrical energy was provided externally to the microbial electrolysis cells(MECs)to generate hydrogen or value-added chemicals,including caustic,formic acid,acetic acid,and peroxide.Also,BES was designed to recover nutrients,metals or remove recalcitrant compounds.The variety of naturally existing microorganisms and enzymes act as a biocatalyst to induce poten-tial differences amid the electrodes.BESs can be performed with non-catalyzed electrodes(both anode and cathode)under favorable circumstances,unlike conventional fuel cells.In recent years,value-added chemical producing microbial electrosyn-thesis(MES)technology has intensely broadened the prospect for BES.An additional strategy includes the introduction of innovative technologies that help with the manufacturing of alternative materials for electrode preparation,ion-exchange membranes,and pioneering designs.Because of this,BES is emerging as a promising technology.This article deliberates recent signs of progress in BESs so far,focusing on their diverse applications beyond electricity generation and resulting performance.