Genome sequence and evolution of Betula platyphylla

Betula L.(birch)is a pioneer hardwood tree species with ecological,economic,and evolutionary importance in the Northern Hemisphere.We sequenced the Betula platyphylla genome and assembled the sequences into 14 chromosomes.The Betula genome lacks evidence of recent whole-genome duplication and has the same paleoploidy level as Vitis vinifera and Prunus mume.Phylogenetic analysis of lignin pathway genes coupled with tissue-specific expression patterns provided clues for understanding the formation of higher ratios of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin observed in Betula species.Our transcriptome analysis of leaf tissues under a time-series cold stress experiment revealed the presence of the MEKK1–MKK2–MPK4 cascade and six additional mitogen-activated protein kinases that can be linked to a gene regulatory network involving many transcription factors and cold tolerance genes.Our genomic and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the structures,features,and evolution of the B.platyphylla genome.The chromosome-level genome and gene resources of B.platyphylla obtained in this study will facilitate the identification of important and essential genes governing important traits of trees and genetic improvement of B.platyphylla.

Review on Phytochemistry,Biology and Nano Formulations of Manilkara hexandra:An Update

Background:Manilkara hexandra(Roxb.)dubard is an evergreen tree species that belongs to the Sapotaceae family which has been used in traditional system of medicines since ages in South Asia,especially in Western and Central India.Objective:This review aims to include a thorough report on phytochemicals found in the various sections of the plant,which are responsible for their medicinal properties in turn.Method:All the informations in this article were collated from selected research papers from online database such as PubMed,Web of Science and Scopus.Results:An audit of its literature shows extracts from this plant and bio transformed products possess different activities such as antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,antiulcer,aphrodisiac,immuno-stimulation activity,arthritic activity,and free radical scavenging activity.Apart from therapeutic indications,the products obtained such as edible and nutritious fruit,valuable wood,latex,and bark,are cost effective and are a source of living for local people.The varieties of chemical compounds have been isolated from this species,including sterols,sugar,terpenoids,anthraquinone glycoside,cardiac glycoside,saponin and tannins,etc.Worldwide the large occurrence of this underutilized species offers an incentive to use this plant at crucial levels in the treatment of various ailments.Conclusion:This review attempts to systematically collate the scattered knowledge on M.hexandra,for its botan-ical elements,phytochemistry,ethnopharmacology,and biological activities,to assess the range of variation among natural populations in opening research areas,and to identify elite cultivars for popularization among farmers/tribal for conservation and sustainable use on conducting field improvement studies.