AIM:To investigate the agreement and prognosticvalue of different measures of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE).METHODS:One-hundred-and-thirty-two cirrhotic outpatients underwent electroencephalography(EEG),paper-and...AIM:To investigate the agreement and prognosticvalue of different measures of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE).METHODS:One-hundred-and-thirty-two cirrhotic outpatients underwent electroencephalography(EEG),paper-and-pencil psychometry(PHES)and critical flicker frequency,scored on the original/modified(CFFo/CFFm)thresholds.Eighty-four patients underwent Dopplerultrasound to diagnose/exclude portal-systemic shunt.Seventy-nine were followed-up for 11±7 mo in relation to the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy(HE)-related hospitalisations.RESULTS:On the day of study,36%had gradeⅠHE,42%abnormal EEG,33%abnormal PHES and 31/21%abnormal CFFo/CFFm.Significant associations were observed between combinations of test abnormalities;however,agreement was poor(Cohen’sκ<0.4).The prevalence of EEG,PHES and CFFo/CFFm abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with gradeⅠovert HE.The prevalence of EEG and CFFm abnormalities was higher in patients with shunt.The prevalence of EEG abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with a history of HE.During follow-up,10 patients died,10were transplanted and 29 had HE-related hospitalisations.GradeⅠHE(P=0.004),abnormal EEG(P=0.008)and abnormal PHES(P=0.04)at baseline all predicted the subsequent occurrence of HE;CFF did not.CONCLUSION:CHE diagnosis probably requires a combination of clinical,neurophysiological and neuropsychological indices.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) hepatitis and other diseases related to HCV,such as cryoglobulinemia,lymphoma and renal failure,impair health-related quality of life(HRQoL).In addition,HCV per se might directly influence HRQoL...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) hepatitis and other diseases related to HCV,such as cryoglobulinemia,lymphoma and renal failure,impair health-related quality of life(HRQoL).In addition,HCV per se might directly influence HRQoL via colonization of microglia in the brain or,indirectly,via the effect of systemic inflammatory cytokines which,in turn,can trigger brain interleukin production.The treatment of HCV-related disorders with interferon(IFN) has an effect on HRQoL.Initially,IFN causes a transient deterioration of HRQoL,due to the induction of depression and other side effects of treatment.Subsequently,the subjects who obtain a sustained virologic response experience an improvement in HRQoL.Only rarely does interferon treatment causes permanent detrimental effects on HRQoL,due to residual psychiatric or neurologic side effects.Liver transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage HCV-related liver disease.HRQoL generally improves massively a few months after transplantation,except in the case of serious complications of the transplant procedure.Furthermore,high levels of anxiety and neuroticism pre-transplant are associated with lower HRQoL one year after transplant.Additionally,six months after transplant,patients with HCV who experience virologic recurrence show significantly greater depression,anxiety,phobic anxiety,and paranoid ideation than anti-HCV-negative patients.In conclusion,optimal care for the overall well-being of patients with HCV infection requires adequate knowledge of their neurological and psychological status.展开更多
About 50% of patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection complain of neuropsychiatric symptoms,"brain fog",weakness,fatigue,and exhibit some degree of quality of life impairment,irrespective of the severit...About 50% of patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection complain of neuropsychiatric symptoms,"brain fog",weakness,fatigue,and exhibit some degree of quality of life impairment,irrespective of the severity of liver disease.Since the first observation of HCV-related cognitive deficits,10 studies have been published that have evaluated neuropsychiatric performance in patients with HCV infection and different degrees of hepatic impairment.Unfortunately,these have often included patients with cirrhosis,patients who had acquired the infection through previous intravenous drug misuse,who had a history of relatively recent treatment with interferon,or were on psychoactive medication.In addition,different neuropsychological batteries and tests that explored different cognitive domains were used,which makes the results of the studies difficult to compare.Finally,limited information is available on the pathogenesis of HCV-related cognitive impairment.Cerebral and/or systemic inflammation may be important players but their potential role has not been substantiated by experimental data.The present review outlines the available evidence of the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with HCV infection,with a focus on the potential relationship with cerebral and/or systemic inflammation.展开更多
Objectives: To analyze the association between alexithymia and alcohol intake during adolescence, also in relation to psychopathology, in order to identify psychological risk factors for alcohol misuse. Method: 3556 s...Objectives: To analyze the association between alexithymia and alcohol intake during adolescence, also in relation to psychopathology, in order to identify psychological risk factors for alcohol misuse. Method: 3556 students [mean age (range) 14.5 years (11-18)] were recruited in the Padua area. Each was administered a set of three questionnaires: the Toronto Alexithymia Scale for children (TAS-20) to measure alexithymia, the Questionnaire Adolescent Saturday evening (QAS) to estimate of alcohol intake, and the Youth Self-Report (YSR 11-18) to value psychopathology. Results: Externalizing problems appeared to increase with age and with the amount of alcohol consumed, unlike internalizing problems. The prevalence of alexithymia was 18%, decreasing with age, and it was not associated with alcohol consumption, and used except in younger subjects (≤13), for whom a positive correlation was observed between alexithymia, internalizing problems and alcohol intake. Conclusions: Younger adolescents are more psycho-emotionally vulnerable (internalizing problems and alexithymia) and at a greater risk of alcohol misuse.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the most cost-effectiveness strategy for preventing variceal growth and bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.METHODS:A stochastic analysis based on decision trees was perfor...AIM:To evaluate the most cost-effectiveness strategy for preventing variceal growth and bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.METHODS:A stochastic analysis based on decision trees was performed to compare the cost-effectiveness of beta-blockers therapy starting from a diagnosis of small varices(Strategy 1)with that of endoscopic surveillance followed by beta-blockers treatment when large varices are demonstrated(Strategy 2),for preventing variceal growth,bleeding and death in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.The basic nodes of the tree were gastrointestinal endoscopy,inpatient admission and treatment for bleeding,as required.All estimates were performed using a Monte Carlo microsimulation technique,consisting in simulating observations from known probability distributions depicted in the model.Eight-hundred-thousand simulations were performed to obtain the final estimates.All estimates were then subjected to Monte Carlo Probabilistic sensitivity analysis,to assess the impact of the variability of such estimates on the outcome distributions.RESULTS:The event rate(considered as progression of varices or bleeding or death)in Strategy 1[24.09%(95%CI:14.89%-33.29%)]was significantly lower than in Strategy 2[60.00%(95%CI:48.91%-71.08%)].The mean cost(up to the first event)associated with Strategy 1[823£(95%CI:106£-2036£)]was not significantly different from that of Strategy 2[799£(95%CI:0£-3498£)].The cost-effectiveness ratio with respect to this endpoint was equal to 50.26£(95%CI:-504.37£-604.89£)per event avoided over the four-year follow-up.When bleeding episodes/deaths in subjects whose varices had grown were included,the mean cost associated with Strategy 1 was 1028£(95%CI:122£-2581£),while 1699£(95%CI:171£-4674£)in Strategy 2.CONCLUSION:Beta-blocker therapy turn out to be more effective and less expensive than endoscopic surveillance for primary prophylaxis of bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small varices.展开更多
基金Supported by(in Part)Grant from the Italian Ministry of Health to Sara Montagnese(Giovani Ricercatori 2009)Grants from the University of Padova to Piero AmodioPublication fees were covered by the Foundation Lionello Forin Hepatos Onlus,Padova,Italy
文摘AIM:To investigate the agreement and prognosticvalue of different measures of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE).METHODS:One-hundred-and-thirty-two cirrhotic outpatients underwent electroencephalography(EEG),paper-and-pencil psychometry(PHES)and critical flicker frequency,scored on the original/modified(CFFo/CFFm)thresholds.Eighty-four patients underwent Dopplerultrasound to diagnose/exclude portal-systemic shunt.Seventy-nine were followed-up for 11±7 mo in relation to the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy(HE)-related hospitalisations.RESULTS:On the day of study,36%had gradeⅠHE,42%abnormal EEG,33%abnormal PHES and 31/21%abnormal CFFo/CFFm.Significant associations were observed between combinations of test abnormalities;however,agreement was poor(Cohen’sκ<0.4).The prevalence of EEG,PHES and CFFo/CFFm abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with gradeⅠovert HE.The prevalence of EEG and CFFm abnormalities was higher in patients with shunt.The prevalence of EEG abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with a history of HE.During follow-up,10 patients died,10were transplanted and 29 had HE-related hospitalisations.GradeⅠHE(P=0.004),abnormal EEG(P=0.008)and abnormal PHES(P=0.04)at baseline all predicted the subsequent occurrence of HE;CFF did not.CONCLUSION:CHE diagnosis probably requires a combination of clinical,neurophysiological and neuropsychological indices.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) hepatitis and other diseases related to HCV,such as cryoglobulinemia,lymphoma and renal failure,impair health-related quality of life(HRQoL).In addition,HCV per se might directly influence HRQoL via colonization of microglia in the brain or,indirectly,via the effect of systemic inflammatory cytokines which,in turn,can trigger brain interleukin production.The treatment of HCV-related disorders with interferon(IFN) has an effect on HRQoL.Initially,IFN causes a transient deterioration of HRQoL,due to the induction of depression and other side effects of treatment.Subsequently,the subjects who obtain a sustained virologic response experience an improvement in HRQoL.Only rarely does interferon treatment causes permanent detrimental effects on HRQoL,due to residual psychiatric or neurologic side effects.Liver transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage HCV-related liver disease.HRQoL generally improves massively a few months after transplantation,except in the case of serious complications of the transplant procedure.Furthermore,high levels of anxiety and neuroticism pre-transplant are associated with lower HRQoL one year after transplant.Additionally,six months after transplant,patients with HCV who experience virologic recurrence show significantly greater depression,anxiety,phobic anxiety,and paranoid ideation than anti-HCV-negative patients.In conclusion,optimal care for the overall well-being of patients with HCV infection requires adequate knowledge of their neurological and psychological status.
文摘About 50% of patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection complain of neuropsychiatric symptoms,"brain fog",weakness,fatigue,and exhibit some degree of quality of life impairment,irrespective of the severity of liver disease.Since the first observation of HCV-related cognitive deficits,10 studies have been published that have evaluated neuropsychiatric performance in patients with HCV infection and different degrees of hepatic impairment.Unfortunately,these have often included patients with cirrhosis,patients who had acquired the infection through previous intravenous drug misuse,who had a history of relatively recent treatment with interferon,or were on psychoactive medication.In addition,different neuropsychological batteries and tests that explored different cognitive domains were used,which makes the results of the studies difficult to compare.Finally,limited information is available on the pathogenesis of HCV-related cognitive impairment.Cerebral and/or systemic inflammation may be important players but their potential role has not been substantiated by experimental data.The present review outlines the available evidence of the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with HCV infection,with a focus on the potential relationship with cerebral and/or systemic inflammation.
文摘Objectives: To analyze the association between alexithymia and alcohol intake during adolescence, also in relation to psychopathology, in order to identify psychological risk factors for alcohol misuse. Method: 3556 students [mean age (range) 14.5 years (11-18)] were recruited in the Padua area. Each was administered a set of three questionnaires: the Toronto Alexithymia Scale for children (TAS-20) to measure alexithymia, the Questionnaire Adolescent Saturday evening (QAS) to estimate of alcohol intake, and the Youth Self-Report (YSR 11-18) to value psychopathology. Results: Externalizing problems appeared to increase with age and with the amount of alcohol consumed, unlike internalizing problems. The prevalence of alexithymia was 18%, decreasing with age, and it was not associated with alcohol consumption, and used except in younger subjects (≤13), for whom a positive correlation was observed between alexithymia, internalizing problems and alcohol intake. Conclusions: Younger adolescents are more psycho-emotionally vulnerable (internalizing problems and alexithymia) and at a greater risk of alcohol misuse.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the most cost-effectiveness strategy for preventing variceal growth and bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.METHODS:A stochastic analysis based on decision trees was performed to compare the cost-effectiveness of beta-blockers therapy starting from a diagnosis of small varices(Strategy 1)with that of endoscopic surveillance followed by beta-blockers treatment when large varices are demonstrated(Strategy 2),for preventing variceal growth,bleeding and death in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.The basic nodes of the tree were gastrointestinal endoscopy,inpatient admission and treatment for bleeding,as required.All estimates were performed using a Monte Carlo microsimulation technique,consisting in simulating observations from known probability distributions depicted in the model.Eight-hundred-thousand simulations were performed to obtain the final estimates.All estimates were then subjected to Monte Carlo Probabilistic sensitivity analysis,to assess the impact of the variability of such estimates on the outcome distributions.RESULTS:The event rate(considered as progression of varices or bleeding or death)in Strategy 1[24.09%(95%CI:14.89%-33.29%)]was significantly lower than in Strategy 2[60.00%(95%CI:48.91%-71.08%)].The mean cost(up to the first event)associated with Strategy 1[823£(95%CI:106£-2036£)]was not significantly different from that of Strategy 2[799£(95%CI:0£-3498£)].The cost-effectiveness ratio with respect to this endpoint was equal to 50.26£(95%CI:-504.37£-604.89£)per event avoided over the four-year follow-up.When bleeding episodes/deaths in subjects whose varices had grown were included,the mean cost associated with Strategy 1 was 1028£(95%CI:122£-2581£),while 1699£(95%CI:171£-4674£)in Strategy 2.CONCLUSION:Beta-blocker therapy turn out to be more effective and less expensive than endoscopic surveillance for primary prophylaxis of bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small varices.