Gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement during COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on pediatric population and possible future implications

Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has rapidly spread worldwide,there is still limited knowledge about this condition and its natural history.Children have been relatively spared during COVID-19 pandemic but a novel syndrome known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome(MIS-C)has emerged,following a SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents.This syndrome can lead to shock and multiple organ failure requiring intensive care.Although COVID-19 clinical research focuses on respiratory symptoms,extrapulmonary involvement such as gastrointestinal(GI)and hepatic manifestations should also be considered.In fact,GI and hepatic involvement play an important role among the most common presenting symptoms of both pediatric and adult COVID-19 and MIS-C.This involvement can not only be one of the most common presenting clinical features but also one of the sequelae of these syndromes.Abdominal ultrasonography monitoring could be very useful to identify a potential involvement of the GI tract and liver.Moreover,long-term follow-up is needed and would be essential to define the long-term outcomes of these patients.