Impacts of Bioinoculants Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107 on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Yield and Soil Nitrogen Status

Cold-adapted bioinoculants are considered as harbingers of sustainable hill agriculture. Therefore, two previously characterized psychrotolerant diazotrophs, Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107, were evaluated for their plant growthpromoting potential for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown under natural field conditions. Comparative analysis of agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed the irrelevance of chemical fertilizers for chickpea production;the diazotrophs alone were sufficient to fulfil the crop's nutritional requirement. However, the integrated use of bacterial strains in combination with urea at 20 kg N ha^-1 as urea was being recommended for higher crop yield and better soil nitrogen status. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both diazotrophs until the end of the crop maturation period without affecting the native micro-flora. Therefore, these bioinoculants can be explored as natural nitrogen resource, and an additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step towards agricultural sustainability.

EPASAD:ellipsoid decision boundary based Process-Aware Stealthy Attack Detector

Due to the importance of Critical Infrastructure(Cl)in a nation's economy,they have been lucrative targets for cyber attackers.These critical infrastructures are usually Cyber-Physical Systems such as power grids,water,and sewage treatment facilities,oil and gas pipelines,etc.In recent times,these systems have suffered from cyber attacks numer-ous times.Researchers have been developing cyber security solutions for Cls to avoid lasting damages.According to standard frameworks,cyber security based on identification,protection,detection,response,and recovery are at the core of these research.Detection of an ongoing attack that escapes standard protection such as firewall,anti-virus,and host/network intrusion detection has gained importance as such attacks eventually affect the physical dynamics of the system.Therefore,anomaly detection in physical dynamics proves an effective means to implement defense-in-depth.PASAD is one example of anomaly detection in the sensor/actuator data,representing such systems physical dynamics.We present EPASAD,which improves the detection technique used in PASAD to detect these micro-stealthy attacks,as our experiments show that PASAD's spherical boundary-based detection fails to detect.Our method EPASAD overcomes this by using Ellipsoid boundaries,thereby tightening the boundaries in various dimen-sions,whereas a spherical boundary treats all dimensions equally.We validate EPASAD using the dataset produced by the TE-process simulator and the C-town datasets.The results show that EPASAD improves PASAD's average recall by 5.8%and 9.5%for the two datasets,respectively.