Agriculture 5.0 is an emerging concept where sensors,big data,Internet-of-Things(IoT),robots,and Artificial In-telligence(AI)are used for agricultural purposes.Different from Agriculture 4.0,robots and AI become the f...Agriculture 5.0 is an emerging concept where sensors,big data,Internet-of-Things(IoT),robots,and Artificial In-telligence(AI)are used for agricultural purposes.Different from Agriculture 4.0,robots and AI become the focus of the implementation in Agriculture 5.0.One of the applications of Agriculture 5.0 is weed management where robots are used to discriminate weeds from the crops or plants so that proper action can be performed to remove the weeds.This paper discusses an in-depth review of Machine Learning(ML)techniques used for discriminating weeds from crops or plants.We specifically present a detailed explanation of five steps required in using ML algorithms to distinguish between weeds and plants.展开更多
Nanoparticles of neodymium orthophosphate （NdPO4） were prepared through a facile wet co-precipitation technique. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） studies revealed the material belonging to monoclinic monazite phase wit...Nanoparticles of neodymium orthophosphate （NdPO4） were prepared through a facile wet co-precipitation technique. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） studies revealed the material belonging to monoclinic monazite phase with crystallite size of 30.8 nm. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the material was composed of a large number of agglomerated spherical particles having grain size of 92 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the structural phase transition was seen above 800 °C. The spectroscopic investigations were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. UV-VIS-NIR ab-sorption spectrophotometer showed various transitions from the ground state 4I9/2 to various excited states within the 4f shell and the optical band gap came out to be 3.3 eV. The dielectric constant （ε′）, dielectric loss （tanδ） and ac conductivity ln（σac） were measured in the frequency range of 5 kHz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range of 40 to 500 °C. The dielectric measurement suggested that there was a shift in the value of transition temperature （Tc）, thereby indicating relaxor behaviour of the material. The activation energy value decreased with increase in frequency, thereby suggesting the role of mixed ionic-polaronic conduc-tivity.展开更多
基金ASEAN-India Collaborative R&D scheme under ASEAN-India S&T Development Fund(AISTDF)File Number:CRD/2020/000248 and partly by Universitas Indonesia's Inter-national Indexed Publication(PUTI)Q2 Grant,year 2023,number:NKB-803/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2023.
文摘Agriculture 5.0 is an emerging concept where sensors,big data,Internet-of-Things(IoT),robots,and Artificial In-telligence(AI)are used for agricultural purposes.Different from Agriculture 4.0,robots and AI become the focus of the implementation in Agriculture 5.0.One of the applications of Agriculture 5.0 is weed management where robots are used to discriminate weeds from the crops or plants so that proper action can be performed to remove the weeds.This paper discusses an in-depth review of Machine Learning(ML)techniques used for discriminating weeds from crops or plants.We specifically present a detailed explanation of five steps required in using ML algorithms to distinguish between weeds and plants.
文摘Nanoparticles of neodymium orthophosphate （NdPO4） were prepared through a facile wet co-precipitation technique. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） studies revealed the material belonging to monoclinic monazite phase with crystallite size of 30.8 nm. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the material was composed of a large number of agglomerated spherical particles having grain size of 92 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the structural phase transition was seen above 800 °C. The spectroscopic investigations were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. UV-VIS-NIR ab-sorption spectrophotometer showed various transitions from the ground state 4I9/2 to various excited states within the 4f shell and the optical band gap came out to be 3.3 eV. The dielectric constant （ε′）, dielectric loss （tanδ） and ac conductivity ln（σac） were measured in the frequency range of 5 kHz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range of 40 to 500 °C. The dielectric measurement suggested that there was a shift in the value of transition temperature （Tc）, thereby indicating relaxor behaviour of the material. The activation energy value decreased with increase in frequency, thereby suggesting the role of mixed ionic-polaronic conduc-tivity.
