Physicochemical,mineralogy,and thermo-kinetic characterisation of newly discovered Nigerian coals under pyrolysis and combustion conditions

In this study,the physicochemical,microstructural,mineralogical,thermal,and kinetic properties of three newly discovered coals from Akunza(AKZ),Ome(OME),and Shiga(SHG)in Nigeria were examined for potential energy recovery.Physicochemical analysis revealed high combustible but low levels of polluting elements.The higher heating values ranged from 18.65 MJ/kg(AKZ)to 26.59 MJ/kg(SHG).Microstructure and mineralogical analyses revealed particles with a rough texture,surface,and glassy lustre,which could be ascribed to metals,quartz,and kaolinite minerals.The major elements(C,O,Si,and Al),along with minor elements(Ca,Cu,Fe,K,Mg,S,and Ti)detected are associated with clays,salts,or the porphyrin constituents of coal.Thermal analysis showed mass loss(ML)ranges from 30.51%to 87.57%and residual mass(RM)from 12.44%to 69.49%under combustion(oxidative)and pyrolysis(non-oxidative)TGA conditions due to thermal degradation of organic matter and macerals(vitrinite,inertinite and liptinite).Kinetic analysis revealed the coals are highly reactive under the oxidative and non-oxidative conditions based on the Coats-Redfem Model.The activation energy(Ea)ranged from 23.81 to 89.56 kJ/mol,whereas the pre-exponential factor(kQ)was from 6.77×10^(-4)/min to 1.72×10^(3)/min under pyrolysis and combustion conditions.In conclusion,the coals are practical feedstocks for either energy recovery or industrial applications.

Mineralogy,physicochemical and oxidative thermal analyses of Cretaceous coals from the Benue Trough,Nigeria

The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria has renewed interest in the utilisation of coal for energy selfsufficiency and diversification of the national energy mix.In this study,selected coal samples from three regions of the Benue Trough Basin were examined through pore water chemistry,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and thermosgravimetric analysis(TGA).The low pH observed for the Lower Benue Trough(LBT)coals indicates the release of sulphur and acids during oxidation.Mineralogical analyses reveal quartz,kaolinite,montmorillonite,albite,pyrite,gypsum and sodium chlorate in the coal samples.The genetic kaolinite species identified in Imeagha(IMG)coal are detrital kaolinite and the highly crystalline neomorphic kaolinite.Gypsum and jarosite minerals occurred in minor quantities in Garin Maiganga(GMG),whereas significant amount of pyrite was detected in Enugu(ENG)coal.Oxidative thermal degradation resulted in the residual mass(RM)ranging between 4.35%and 56.96%and mass losses(ML)between 43.04%and 95.65%due to the drying,devolatilization,and coke formation in the samples.The most reactive coal examined was GMG coal,whereas the least reactive was IMG coal.Lamja(LMZ),GMG,and OKB coals are suited for electricity generation,whereas ENG and IMG coals can be utilised for cement production.

Geochemical,mineralogical,and petrological characteristics of the Cretaceous coal from the middle Benue Trough Basin,Nigeria:Implication for coal depositional environments

The Benue Trough Basin (BTB) of Nigeria is geologically and geo-morphologically subdivided into upper,middle, and lower segments. The BTB is the subject of geological research due to its rich coal depositsthat have the potential for oil and gas. The purpose of the present study is to examine the origins,depositional environments, and thermal history of the selected coals and the processes that influencetheir quality. Coal samples from different open cast coal mines in the middle BTB were examined usingproximate and ultimate, x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), laser ablation induced coupledplasma (LA-ICPMS), and petrographical analyses. The coal samples contained mainly quartz, kaolinite,and organic carbon. The XRD spectra peaks revealed the triclinic and monoclinic structure of kaolin. TheSiO2/Al2O3 ratios confirmed the dominance of quartz and kaolinite. The Ni/Co versus V/Cr, Cu/Zn, and V/Mo values in the studied coals suggest oxic depositional environments, whereas the V/(Ni þ V) and V/(V þ Cr) values indicate oxic to suboxic conditions. The Ce/Ce* values are slightly below 1, which indicates a suboxic depositional environment. Maceral texture is indicative of transformations from subbituminous to high volatile C or B bituminous coal. The maceral components and mineral matter(10%) of the studied coals imply deposition in the planar margin mire, and a river system of planarmargin mire environments, respectively. The high gelification index (GI) and tissue preservation index(TPI) values indicate peat accumulation developed within a wet forest swamp. The ternary diagram ofthe maceral component suggests deposition in a wet moor environment with intermittent moderate tohigh flooding episodes. The studied coals are sub-hydrous vitrinite inferring hydrogen-poor and thermally immature characteristics. The low V and Ni contents, low H/C and high O/C, indicate Type IIIterrestrial organic matter with the potential to generate gaseous hydrocarbons. The investigated coalswere deposited by the river within telmatic, limnic, and limno-telmatic zones in the planar margin mire depositional environments. Overall, the integrated petrologic and geochemical data used in this studyprovides a reliable approach for the assessment of coal depositional environments.

Petrography and geochemistry of exported Colombian coals:Implications from correlation and regression analyses

The petrology of coal,as determined by the microscopic analysis of organic and inorganic elemental constituents of coal,provides information on its nature and characteristics.Coal is used worldwide in the production of thermal energy and coke.In the case of high-quality Colombian coals,only limited studies have been carried out.The present study presents the geochemical,mineralogical,and petrological characteristics of coal samples collected from Puerto Drummond in Cienaga,Colombia,to predict their potential uses.Therefore,the ultimate,proximate,petrographic,gross calorific value(GCV),ash fusion temperature,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),and Thermogravimetric(TG)analyses were employed in this study.The petrological analysis reveals that Colombian coals are naturally more abundant in vitrinite(72%)than inertinite(14e23%)macerals.Silicates and aluminosilicate are the main minerals present as fine particles mixed with macerals.The XRD and FTIR analyses show that the most common and dominant minerals are quartz,while gypsum,hematite,calcite and mica occur in lesser amounts.The oxide composition of the coal ashes consists of 51e58%SiO2 and 18e25%Al2O3 as determined by XRF analysis.In correlation and regression analysis,the moisture content shows a reverse correlation with GCV(Regression value of R2¼0.68).This study helps researchers to comprehend the importance of Colombian coals and presents various techniques for characterisation of coals.