Introduction:Spanning the three stages of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum,amyloid-beta(Aβ40and Aβ42) oligomers (AβO’s) and tau protein constitute a set of biomarkers ideally suited for the non-invasive mon...Introduction:Spanning the three stages of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum,amyloid-beta(Aβ40and Aβ42) oligomers (AβO’s) and tau protein constitute a set of biomarkers ideally suited for the non-invasive monitoring of AD (Wolgin et al.,2022).AD progression is correlated with the presence of low molecular weight oligomers and not amyloid plaques.Moreover,low molecular weight AβO is present in the beginning and later stages of disease even when the plaque burden becomes prevalent.Furthermore.展开更多
Tropane alkaloids(TAs)are among the most valued chemical compounds known since pre-historic times.Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family(Hyoscyamus niger,Datura,Atropa belladonna,Scopolia lurida,Mandragora officinaru...Tropane alkaloids(TAs)are among the most valued chemical compounds known since pre-historic times.Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family(Hyoscyamus niger,Datura,Atropa belladonna,Scopolia lurida,Mandragora officinarum,Duboisia)and Erythroxylaceae(Erythroxylum coca)are rich sources of tropane alkaloids.These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors.Hence,they are of great clinical impor-tance and are used as antiemetics,anesthetics,antispasmodics,bronchodilator and mydriatics.They also serve as the lead compounds to generate more effective drugs.Due to the important pharmacological action they are listed in the WHO list of essential medicines and are available in market with FDA approval.However,being anticholinergic in action,TA medication are under the suspicion of causing dementia and cognitive decline like other medications with anticholinergic action,interestingly which is incorrect.There are published reviews on chemistry,biosynthesis,phar-macology,safety concerns,biotechnological aspects of TAs but the detailed information on anticholinergic mecha-nism of action,clinical pharmacology,FDA approval and anticholinergic burden is lacking.Hence the present review tries to fill this lacuna by critically summarizing and discussing the above mentioned aspects.展开更多
基金National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) by the Korean Government (2020R1A2B5B01002463&2021R1A6A1A03038996)(to JPH)。
文摘Introduction:Spanning the three stages of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum,amyloid-beta(Aβ40and Aβ42) oligomers (AβO’s) and tau protein constitute a set of biomarkers ideally suited for the non-invasive monitoring of AD (Wolgin et al.,2022).AD progression is correlated with the presence of low molecular weight oligomers and not amyloid plaques.Moreover,low molecular weight AβO is present in the beginning and later stages of disease even when the plaque burden becomes prevalent.Furthermore.
基金funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea and by the Korean Government (2020R1A2B5B01002463 and 2021R1A6A1A03038996).
文摘Tropane alkaloids(TAs)are among the most valued chemical compounds known since pre-historic times.Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family(Hyoscyamus niger,Datura,Atropa belladonna,Scopolia lurida,Mandragora officinarum,Duboisia)and Erythroxylaceae(Erythroxylum coca)are rich sources of tropane alkaloids.These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors.Hence,they are of great clinical impor-tance and are used as antiemetics,anesthetics,antispasmodics,bronchodilator and mydriatics.They also serve as the lead compounds to generate more effective drugs.Due to the important pharmacological action they are listed in the WHO list of essential medicines and are available in market with FDA approval.However,being anticholinergic in action,TA medication are under the suspicion of causing dementia and cognitive decline like other medications with anticholinergic action,interestingly which is incorrect.There are published reviews on chemistry,biosynthesis,phar-macology,safety concerns,biotechnological aspects of TAs but the detailed information on anticholinergic mecha-nism of action,clinical pharmacology,FDA approval and anticholinergic burden is lacking.Hence the present review tries to fill this lacuna by critically summarizing and discussing the above mentioned aspects.
